@techreport{,

title = {Flukebook – Continuing growth and technical advancement for cetacean photo identification and data archiving, including automated fin, fluke, and body matching},

author = {Blount, D.,Minton, G.,Khan, Christin B.,Levenson, Jacob,Dulau, Violaine,Gero, S.,Parham, J.,Holmberg, Jason},

url = {https://arabianseawhalenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/sc_68b_ph_06_flukebook-developments-incl-aswn-and-indocet-1.pdf},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Paper presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {330},

pages = {13},

publisher = {IWC},

institution = {Document presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

abstract = {Flukebook (flukebook.org) is a non-profit, open source cetacean data archiving and

photo-identification tool developed under the larger Wildbook platform (wildbook.org) that uses

computer vision and machine learning to facilitate automated identification of individual animals

in the wild. In 2016, the IWC approved funding for the development of a regional data platform

for the Arabian Sea Whale Network (ASWN) to be implemented in collaboration with Wild Me

(wildme.org), the software and machine learning developers of Flukebook. This foundational

collaboration expanded the capabilities of Flukebook and served as the springboard for

subsequent years of growth in data and usage (e.g., by regional consortiums), as well as

significant technical improvements in 2019-2020 in the application of computer vision and

machine learning, specifically for North Atlantic and Southern right whales, humpback whales,

sperm whales, and multiple species of dolphins. Ongoing improvements in our community

support model and technical advances are bringing together industry, governmental, and NGO

collaborators in a global-scale platform for cetacean research.},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, Artificial intelligence, Flukebook, humpback dolphin, Humpback Whale, Indian Ocean, matching, megaptera novaeangliae, methodology, Oman, photo identification, Sousa chinensis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Assessing the body condition of the world’s only non-migratory humpback whale population, the endangered Arabian Sea humpback whale},

author = {Christiansen, F.,Baldwin, R.,Minton, G.,Collins, T.,Sprogis, K. R.,Rudd, J.,al Harthi, S.,Leslie, M.,Macdonald, D. W.,Willson, A.},

url = {https://arabianseawhalenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/sc_68b_cmp_23_rev1_assessment-of-ashw-body-condition-in-oman-1.pdf},

issn = {SC_68b_cmp_23_rev1},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Paper presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {271},

pages = {11},

publisher = {IWC},

abstract = {Arabian Sea humpback whales have been a subject of conservation concern in the IWC since 1997.  Research conducted primarily off the coast of Oman has contributed to understanding the population’s distribution, abundance, and conservation status, whilst information on the population’s health and specific threats is more limited. This study examines all available images of Arabian Sea humpback whales obtained between 2000 and 2018 for evidence of disease, predation, epizoites and human-induced scarring or injury to individuals. Tattoo-like skin disease was detected in 43.4% of 83 adult whales, with a roughly equal distribution between males and females. The prevalence of the disease was significantly higher in 2012-2018 (51.7%) than in 2000-2011 (24.1%).  The lesions persisted for two to 14 years in 10 whales and progressed in prevalence and percentage of body cover in six of them. Killer whale tooth rakes were detected in 12% (95% CI 4.5-18%) of individuals based on examination of photographs showing the ventral surface of tail flukes (n=77), but no cookie cutter shark wounds were detected on any body parts of any of the whales examined. Roughly two thirds (66.6%: 95% CI 52-80%) of individuals represented by good quality photos of the caudal peduncle region (n=42) bore scarring patterns considered likely to be associated with entanglement in fishing gear, with no significant differences in entanglement scarring rates between males and females. Four individuals bore injuries consistent with vessel strikes and at least two individuals showed severe injuries and deformations likely to have been caused by interactions with vessels and/or fishing gear.  Five documented entanglement events from Oman and Pakistan involved large-mesh nylon gillnets, which are known to be used extensively throughout the Arabian Sea.  In light of this population’s endangered status,  these findings indicate an urgent need to continue monitoring Arabian Sea humpback whales, with an emphasis on methods that allow continued and expanded assessment of health, body condition, and anthropogenic interactions, aimed toward designing effective conservation strategies to mitigate known threats. },

keywords = {Arabian Sea, Body condition, drones, fitness, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Oman, photo identification, photogrammetry, UAV},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Visual Health Assessment and evaluation of Anthropogenic threats to Arabian Sea Humpback Whales in Oman},

author = {Minton, Gianna,van Bressem, M. F.,Willson, A.,Collins, T.,Al Harthi, S.,Sarrouf Willson, M.,Baldwin, R.,Leslie, M.,Robbins, J.,Van Waerebeek, K},

url = {https://arabianseawhalenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/sc_68b_cmp_16_rev1_visual-health-assessment-of-ashw-in-oman-1.pdf},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Paper presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {418},

pages = {25},

publisher = {IWC},

institution = {Document presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

abstract = {Arabian Sea humpback whales have been a subject of conservation concern in the IWC since 1997.  Research conducted primarily off the coast of Oman has contributed to understanding the population’s distribution, abundance, and conservation status, whilst information on the population’s health and specific threats is more limited. This study examines all available images of Arabian Sea humpback whales obtained between 2000 and 2018 for evidence of disease, predation, epizoites and human-induced scarring or injury to individuals. Tattoo-like skin disease was detected in 43.4% of 83 adult whales, with a roughly equal distribution between males and females. The prevalence of the disease was significantly higher in 2012-2018 (51.7%) than in 2000-2011 (24.1%).  The lesions persisted for two to 14 years in 10 whales and progressed in prevalence and percentage of body cover in six of them. Killer whale tooth rakes were detected in 12% (95% CI 4.5-18%) of individuals based on examination of photographs showing the ventral surface of tail flukes (n=77), but no cookie cutter shark wounds were detected on any body parts of any of the whales examined. Roughly two thirds (66.6%: 95% CI 52-80%) of individuals represented by good quality photos of the caudal peduncle region (n=42) bore scarring patterns considered likely to be associated with entanglement in fishing gear, with no significant differences in entanglement scarring rates between males and females. Four individuals bore injuries consistent with vessel strikes and at least two individuals showed severe injuries and deformations likely to have been caused by interactions with vessels and/or fishing gear.  Five documented entanglement events from Oman and Pakistan involved large-mesh nylon gillnets, which are known to be used extensively throughout the Arabian Sea.  In light of this population’s endangered status,  these findings indicate an urgent need to continue monitoring Arabian Sea humpback whales, with an emphasis on methods that allow continued and expanded assessment of health, body condition, and anthropogenic interactions, aimed toward designing effective conservation strategies to mitigate known threats. },

keywords = {Arabian Sea, Barnacle, Bycatch, disease, Fisheries, Humpback Whale, killer whale, lesions, megaptera novaeangliae, Oman, pathology, photo identification, predation, scarring, skin, tattoo},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {The Distribution of Whales in the Northern Arabian Sea along the Coast of Pakistan Obtained through Crew-Based Observer Programme- Results of the 2018 fishing season},

author = {Moazzam, Mohammed,Nawaz, Rab,Khan, B.,Ahmed, S.},

url = {https://arabianseawhalenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/sc_68a_cmp_07_whale-sightings-from-pakistan-crew-based-observer-programme-1.pdf},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Document presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

volume = {SC/68A/CMP/07},

number = {169},

pages = {11},

abstract = {Sightings of whales made by WWF-Pakistan’s Crew Based Observers deputed on tuna gillnet vessels operating along Pakistan’s coast were reported for the 2018 fishing season. A total of 13 sightings of Arabian Sea humpback whales, 2 sightings of blue whales, 1 sightings of Bryde’s whales, 4 sightings of sperm whales and 15 sightings of baleen whales (that could not be identified to species level due to lack of adequate photographic or video evidence) were made during 2018. The number of whales recorded for the year 2018 is much less than 2017 when a total of 95 sightings of whale were recorded from the area. This decrease in sighting is attributed to early closure of fishing season in late April 2018 because of  extremely low prices of tuna in the market. Usually a voluntary two month close season is observed between June and July, however, the new fishing season was started in September 2018. The close season, therefore, remained effective for about four months (May to August). In addition, a major part of tuna fishing fleet operated in the further offshore waters  (known to have thin population of whales) to avoid checking by  Government agencies for implementation on various  legislation during November- December 2018. },

keywords = {Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, balaenoptera edeni, Bryde's whale, Bycatch, Entanglement, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Observer programmes, Pakistan},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {A Report On Baleen Whale Records And Recent Developments In Marine Mammal Research And Conservation Policy - Update From India},

author = {Sutaria, D.},

url = {https://arabianseawhalenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/sc_67a_cmp_03_rev1_baleen-whale-records-from-india-1.pdf},

issn = { SC/67A/CMP/03_Rev},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Document presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {240},

pages = {6},

abstract = {Twelve baleen whale reports were collected from June 2018 to May 2019. Of these seven were of live sightings reported by participatory fisher and diver networks along the coast, including two Bryde’s whale groups, and two separate humpback whale sightings of one individual each. The rest were unidentified baleen whale sightings. These reports are summarised here. Five ‘hotspot areas’ of the west coast, were identified, where information was gathered by interviewing fishers and inviting them to be part of a growing participatory reporting network. . We plan to continue this work in 2019-20 with passive acoustic monitoring using SoundTraps in two of the five hotspots. At the National level the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, New Delhi has developed a National Arabian Sea Humpback whale Research and Recovery program. National and State-level programs are being developed, with support from the author and a wider research network in India. We recommend dedicated baleen whale surveys and collaborative efforts with local teams, to carry out long term research and conservation, including a net disentanglement workshop. },

keywords = {acoustics, Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, balaenoptera edeni, balaenoptera musculus, Blue whale, Bryde's whale, Entanglement, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Persian Gulf, ship strike, song, stranding},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Oman Research Update; documenting cetacean diversity and blue whale feeding habitat in Dhofar, southern Oman},

author = {Willson, A.,Minton, A. Gianna.,Collins, T. ,Al Harthi, S.,Sarrouf Willson, M.,Cerchio, S,Braulik, G.,Baldwin, R.},

url = {https://arabianseawhalenetworkdotorg.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/sc_68a_cmp_08_oman-research-update.pdf},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Paper presented to the 2019 meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {505},

pages = {14},

publisher = {IWC},

abstract = {Cetacean research has been conducted in Dhofar, southern Oman, since 2000 During this time efforts have been

primarily focused on documenting the distribution, abundance, and ecology of an Endangered population of

Arabian Sea humpback whales (ASHWs). The research has revealed the Hallaniyats Bay (including our study

site measuring approximately 10,000km2

) to be a habitat of importance for reproductive and foraging related

behaviours. Simultaneously the field surveys have revealed high cetacean diversity in the area, with over 18

species documented at the site, out of a total of 22 species known for the Arabian peninsula between 2003 and

2016. Short opportunistic surveys conducted March 2018 to April 2019 continue to provide evidence of the

ecological importance of the area for a diverse array of species, including several species of large baleen whales

(including humpback whales, Bryde’s whales, and blue whales) as well as a range of large, medium and small

odontocetes. Most recently, in April 2019, blue whales were observed over a three-day period, engaged in

behaviour associated with feeding. As well as documenting this important ecological event the team was able to

collect photographic, tissue and faecal samples that are expected to help resolve issues related to taxonomy and

population structure of blue whales in the northern Indian Ocean. The high levels of cetacean diversity and the

regular occurrence of species of scientific and conservation interest documented within a recent Important

Marine Mammal Area workshop suggest that the area warrants conservation management attention to maintain

its current ‘near-wilderness’ state. },

keywords = {acoustic, Arabian Sea, balaenoptera musculus, Blue whale, Distribution, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Oman, photo identification},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Geographic variation in song indicates both isolation of Arabian Sea humpback whales and presence of Southern Hemisphere whales off Oman},

author = {Cerchio, S.,Willson, A.,Muirhead, C.,Al Harthi, S.,Baldwin, R.,Bonato, M,Collins, T.,Di Clemente, J.,Dulau, Violaine,Estrade, Vanessa,Latha, G,Minton, A. Gianna.,Sarrouf Willson, M.},

url = {https://arabianseawhalenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sc_67b_cmp_19_oman-humpback-whale-song-analysis-and-comparison-1.pdf},

issn = {IWC/SC67B/CMP19},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Document presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {342},

pages = {31},

publisher = {International Whaling Commission},

abstract = {Existing genetic, demographic and behavioral evidence indicates that Arabian Sea humpback whales

represent an isolated and unique population. The population exhibits a Northern Hemisphere breeding

cycle, is believed to feed year-round, and lacks the typical latitudinal migrations and seasonal separation

of breeding and feeding ecology exhibited by other populations of humpback whales globally. A key

feature of humpback whale breeding behavior is the male acoustic breeding display, song, studied

extensively around the world. Key characteristics of humpback whale song include: all males within a

population share the same song patterns (phrases); a population’s song changes progressively over time;

and populations that do not overlap or exchange individuals have distinctly different songs, whereas

populations in contact share some or all phrases. Here we use long-term acoustic monitoring off the coast

of Oman to further assess the isolation of the Arabian Sea population. A total of 76 samples (amounting

to 4,434 minutes of recording) of Arabian Sea song collected between 2011 and 2013 were examined, and

phrase content was characterized and compared to 23 samples (totaling 202 min of recording) collected

during the same years in the Southwest Indian Ocean from Reunion Island and the Comoros Islands. Song

from the Arabian Sea and the Southwest Indian Ocean was distinct across the entire study period, with no

evidence for shared phrases in any year. In addition, song fragments recorded off western India in 2011

were composed of two phrases present in the Oman song, suggesting continuity across the Arabian Sea.

Moreover, the Arabian Sea song exhibited a markedly atypical low level of temporal variation, with song

phrases remaining virtually unchanged during the three examined breeding seasons. Notably, Southwest

Indian Ocean song was recorded off the coast of Oman in August 2012 (Boreal summer, Austral winter).

This song was recorded on multiple days and included multiple simultaneous singers over a 25 day period

indicating the presence of more than a single accidental vagrant Southern Hemisphere animal. We suggest

that these Southern songs were produced by Southwest Indian Ocean animals moving into the Arabian

Sea, and that this may be more common than is currently thought. The low level of temporal variation

shown by the Arabian Sea males along with the lack of adoption of the Southwest Indian Ocean song

material, further indicate the uniqueness and distinct nature of this population. It seems possible that

isolation mechanisms exist that may inhibit the mixing of the Arabian Sea population with Southern

Hemisphere animals, and that this may be reflected in the observed atypical song behavior.},

keywords = {Humpback Whale, India, Indian Ocean, megaptera novaeangliae, Oman, population structure, Reunion, song},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Baleen whale reports from the eastern Arabian Sea based on interview surveys and stranding reports - update from India},

author = {Sutaria, D.},

url = {https://arabianseawhalenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sc_67b_cmp_15_baleen-whale-records-from-india-1.pdf},

issn = { SC/67B/CMP/15},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Document presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {483},

pages = {16},

abstract = {In 2017-18, seven unidentified baleen whales, two Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera edeni) and two

humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) have been reported from the west coast of India (eastern

Arabian Sea). The stranding and sighting reports are summarised here. Fishers were interviewed from

south Gujarat to west Tamil Nadu, for baleen whale sighting events to identify hotspots, and to collect

community perceptions towards baleen whales. Based on these interviews, along with data on

strandings, opportunistic song recordings, and the recent presence of a satellite tagged whale from

Oman, seven regions have been identified as hotspots and habitats used by humpback whales.

Humpback whales in these areas seem to be common during the months of January to March. We

continue our work in 2018-20 with systematic vessel based surveys using dipping hydrophones in four

of the seven hotspots. We recommend dedicated baleen whale surveys and collaborative efforts with

local and international teams, to carry out in-depth analyses of stranding events, and for a larger

coverage in visual surveys with the future use of static passive acoustic monitoring systems.},

keywords = {acoustics, Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, balaenoptera edeni, balaenoptera musculus, Blue whale, Bryde's whale, Entanglement, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Persian Gulf, ship strike, song, stranding},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Planning for responsible humpback whale watching in Oman},

author = {Baldwin, R.,Willson, A.,Al Baluchi, A.,Al Jabri, A.},

issn = { SC/67A/WW/03},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Document presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {311},

pages = {17},

abstract = {The emerging whale watching industry in Oman includes one small-scale tour operator targeting

Endangered Arabian Sea humpback whales, as well as other operators that opportunistically encounter this

species. Guidelines for whale watching in Oman were developed in 2013/14 as part of an IWC-supported

project that also included awareness-raising and initial training of tour operators and vessel captains in key

locations. This formed the basis of the current study which aims to identify requirements to minimise the

potentially negative impacts of whale watching on Arabian Sea humpback whales specifically, whilst also

highlighting some key business approaches for achieving responsibly-managed whale watching in Oman.

The whale watching industry in Oman has potential for growth and should be appropriately guided in

advance of expansion. A road map of actions towards this goal is outlined, aimed at government and

private sector stakeholders. Recommendations are also made for monitoring and controlling whale

watching activities pending further research. Further training of operators (especially vessel captains) is

still required to ensure responsible boat handling around whales and improved planning towards a more

sustainable industry. The use of whale watching vessel as a platform for collection of scientific data has

been initiated at one location. Draft regulations to help govern the industry in Oman have been prepared

and are under review by Oman’s Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs. Although focused on

humpback whales, the study also recommends that results are applied to other species and identifies

priorities for data collection to fill existing knowledge gaps.},

keywords = {Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, disturbance, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Threat assessment, tourism, Whale watching},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {On the presence of humpback whales in the Persian Gulf: rare or rarely documented?},

author = {Dakteh, S.M.H.,Ranjbar, S.,Moazeni, M.,Mohsenian, Nazanin,Delshab, H.,Moshiri, H.,Van Waerebeek, K},

issn = { SC/67A/CMP/14},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Document presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {78},

pages = {7},

abstract = {We critically review the evidence for humpback whale presence in the Persian Gulf. Five specimen records, assumed to belong to the

endangered Arabian Sea population, are confirmed in the period 1883- 2017: Bassore Bay, Iraq; Doha, Qatar; Kuwait Inner harbour,

Kuwait; Qeshm Island, Iran; and Akhtar, Bushehr Province, Iran. The two Iranian cases, both juveniles, are newly recorded. With

accumulating reports, an alternate hypothesis to 'rare stragglers' deserves consideration, one in which Arabian Sea humpback whales

may enter the Persian Gulf with some regularity, perhaps as normal visitors, if not permanent residents. Deficiency of records may

reflect a general sparsity of whale research effort in the Persian Gulf. The historical description of Megaptera indica Gervais, 1883 is

translated from French.},

keywords = {Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Entanglement, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Persian Gulf, ship strike, stranding},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Arabian Humpback and Baleen Whale sightings along the Pakistan Coast: Information Generated Through WWF Pakistan’s Fishing Crew Observer Programme},

author = {Moazzam, Mohammed,Nawaz, Rab},

issn = { SC/67A/CMP/05},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Document presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {168},

pages = {16},

abstract = {Historical records and Soviet whaling data indicate the presence of baleen whales off the coast of

Pakistan up to 1965, but since then only a handful of strandings and opportunistic sightings

confirm their ongoing presence in the region. Between 2012 and 2016, observations of freeswimming

and entangled whales were recorded by fishing vessel crew members trained under a

bycatch observer scheme coordinated by WWF Pakistan. The scheme, which started with two

observers in 2012, now involves 75 participating vessels. Reported baleen whale observations

increased from none in 2012, to 16 in 2015. In 2016, 47 sightings of baleen whales were

recorded, including 12 confirmed sightings of Arabian Sea humpback whales, three sightings of

Bryde’s and 32 sightings of baleen whales that could not be identified to species level due to lack

of adequate photographic or video evidence. Sightings reported from 2012 through 2016 are

summarized and plotted, providing insight into the current distribution of Arabian Sea humpback

whales and other baleen whale species in the region. The authors recommend the continuation of

the programme, and suggest that it could serve as a useful model for crew-based reporting

schemes in a region where dedicated cetacean surveys are difficult to conduct, but fisheries are

widespread and active.},

keywords = {Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, balaenoptera edeni, Bryde's whale, Bycatch, Entanglement, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Observer programmes, Pakistan},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Baleen Whale Records from India},

author = {Sutaria, D.,Sule, M.,Jog, K.,Bopardikar, I.,Jamalabad, A.,Panicker, D.},

issn = { SC/67A/CMP/03_Rev},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Document presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {241},

pages = {16},

abstract = {The current presence of three baleen whale species, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), Bryde’s

whale (Balaenoptera edeni) and the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) was assessed along

the Indian coastline via sighting and stranding records. The available literature was reviewed to

understand the frequency and distribution of stranding events along the coastline. Fisherfolk were

interviewed to obtain information on baleen whale sightings and community perceptions towards

whales. We found that blue and Bryde’s whales are recorded from both the east and west coasts and

humpback whales from the west coast only. During 2015-2016, the majority of strandings were

reported from Maharashtra and Karnataka. In March 2017, at least one humpback whale sighting was

confirmed from recorded vocalisations off the Goa coast. An investigation of the ongoing fisheries has

also revealed a steep decline in commercial fisheries and an 82% decline in the Sardines in 2015-16.

With this scenario in mind, we recommend continuation of dedicated baleen whale surveys and

collaborative efforts with local regional authorities to carry out in-depth analyses of strandings and

document the ecology of whales in Indian waters.},

keywords = {acoustics, Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, balaenoptera edeni, balaenoptera musculus, Blue whale, Bryde's whale, Entanglement, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Persian Gulf, ship strike, song, stranding},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Preliminary ensemble ecological niche modelling of Arabian Sea humpback whale vessel sightings and satellite telemetry data},

author = {Willson, A.,Baldwin, R.,Collins, T.,Godley, B.J.,Minton, G.,Al Harthi, S.,Pikesley, Stephen K,Witt, Matthew J},

issn = { SC/67A/CMP/15},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Document presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {502},

pages = {17},

abstract = {Ensemble ecological niche modelling (EENM) can provide insight into the relationship between marine mammals and

their environment and can predict distribution beyond the range of observed locations. The technique can be used to

identify sites for future field research and guide conservation and management activities. The spatial ecology of Arabian

Sea humpback whales (ASHWs) has been described off the coast of Oman, although a paucity of information exists

from which to describe their distribution across the rest of their potential range. Here we present an ensemble ecological

niche modelling framework to predict habitat suitability of ASHWs across the north Indian Ocean. Sightings data from

Oman-based small vessel surveys (2003-2014) and satellite telemetry records (2014-2016) were used along with

environmental co-variate data from a season between December and May. Net primary productivity featured as the only

co-variate with a strong influence on models for both datasets. Model test evaluation metrics scored >0.9, and mapped

outputs of likely distribution highlighted spatial similarity across multiple models. Telemetry data predicted suitable

habitat to be further offshore than the models derived from sightings data. All resulting distribution maps described

areas of high suitability (index value <0.75) along the southern and central coast of Oman and of the northern Arabian

Sea between the Gulf of Kutch and sub-marine canyon features off the Indus delta. There was good spatial concordance

between ensemble model predictions with actual locations of Soviet catches of humpback whales in the northern Indian

Ocean between 1964 and 1966. Both the telemetry and the sightings data were temporally sporadic in their coverage

(across months) and biologically biased (towards males) and as such results from our preliminary efforts should be

considered in light of these caveats. However, these preliminary results are valuable and indicate likely co-occurrence

with high density shipping traffic routes in the region and target additional areas for focussed field surveys. Results

from this study should be considered together with results of recent north Indian Ocean blue whale ENM studies to help

guide future research and conservation management objectives in the region.},

keywords = {Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, ensemble niche modeling, habitat modelling, habitat preference, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Persian Gulf, Satellite telemetry},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Update on Genetic Analyses of Arabian Sea Humpback Whales},

author = {Amaral, A. R.,Collins, T.,Minton, G.,Baldwin, R.,Willson, A.,Kershaw, Francine,Gray, H.,Findlay, K.,Brownell Jr, R.L.,Rosenbaum, H. C.},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Working Paper presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {9},

pages = {6},

publisher = {IWC},

abstract = {From the 49 new samples, 44 were successfully genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. We identified 27 males and 17 females. Within this dataset, 7 duplicate samples were found. Five samples representing 3 individuals in the 2015 dataset registered as genotypic matches with animals sampled in the 2004 dataset.  An additional 9 samples involving 6 individuals that represent potential matches between the 2015 and 2004 dataset are being reviewed to determine if they represent inter-year recaptures.  As the data were generated very recently, further checks to clarify issues with some microsatellite loci will be completed. Six samples failed to amplify consistently for sexing markers and need to be revisited.

Analysis of the combined genotypic dataset will be completed by the end of June/early July 2016.  The genotypic matches and sexing data will be incorporated into the Oman Photo-ID database, and used to generate robust updated photo-ID and genotypic mark-recapture estimates of population abundance.  These data have also been used to determine or confirm the sex of the 9 satellite tagged whales off the coast of Oman (see SH28), and a significant number of other whales identified photographically off the coast of Oman.  This will prove highly valuable if future satellite tagging efforts are undertaken in Oman, as previous tagging work has been significantly male-biased (See SH28), and future tagging should target known females.



Preliminary assessment of the new sexing data (although not yet fully complete) is providing valuable insight into possible difference in habitat use between the two primary study sites off the coast of Oman (see Figure 1). Minton et al. (2011) documented a heavy bias toward males in Dhofar and a ratio near parity in the Gulf of Masirah. These results were based on the total number of photographic captures of known sex individuals.  The combination of new and old sexing information allows for a  more nuanced examination of this phenomenon: the male-female ratio based on individual whales for which sex was determined in each study site (regardless of how frequently they were observed) is 2:1 in Dhofar (n=30), whilst in the Gulf of Masirah this ratio is slightly biased toward females, with 45% of individuals of known sex observed in that study area being male, and 55% female (n=49).  More detailed analysis of these sexing data in relation to survey effort and photographic identification data will yield further important insights into habitat use, behaviour, and social interactions, critical for the conservation of this population.},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, breeding grounds, feeding grounds, genetics, Gulf of Masirah, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Microsatellite, sexing},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Preliminary Report on Long-term Detection of Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Vocalizations off Oman},

author = {Cerchio, S,Willson, A.,Muirhead, C.,Minton, G.,Collins, T.,Baldwin, R.,Sarrouf Willson, M.,Al Harthi, S.},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Report Presented to the Scientific Committee meeting of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {343},

publisher = {IWC},

abstract = {This report presents an overview of the progress to date on the humpback whale detection

component of the Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Acoustic Research program off Oman. Three

archival acoustic recorders were deployed at sites in two regions for approximately one year each,

in Hallaniyats Bay during 2011/2012, and the Gulf of Masirah during 2012/2013. Performance of

recorders varied among deployments, but despite some challenges due to equipment failures we

succeeded in documenting spatiotemporal patterns in the presence of humpback whales in a large

dataset. Several key findings broaden our understanding of the Arabian Sea humpback whale

population off Oman. There appears a strong seasonal component to the use of song by this

population, primarily from November through May, which is congruent with the Northern

Hemisphere breeding cycle and singing season. Throughout this period, singing was heard in both

Hallaniyats Bay and the Gulf of Masirah, separated by approximately 400km, indicating that the

population utilizes both of these regions. However, there was a much stronger presence in

Hallaniyats Bay, with song heard nearly 24 hours/day during the peak months, and song detected

simultaneously at multiple sites across the Bay. Previous boat-based survey data indicated similar

trends, however, given limitation in the duration of this fieldwork the current acoustic dataset

provides a more reliable indication of this population’s breeding related activity. This suggests that

the Hallaniyats Bay might serve as a more important habitat for breeding activity than the

monitored region of the Gulf of Masirah. There also appeared to be a subtle northward shift in

distribution of detections as the singing season progressed, both within Hallaniyats Bay, and from

Hallaniyats Bay to the Gulf of Masirah, suggesting a seasonal shift in distribution for singing males.

During the summer and autumn months, very little song was detected, however sparse detections

indicate that whales are present in both regions during at least some of this period. It is

recommended that similar acoustic monitoring be conducted in all range states of the population to

elucidate spatiotemporal distribution throughout the Arabian Sea.},

keywords = {acoustic detection, Arabian Sea, behaviour, breeding grounds, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Oman, Passive acoustic detection, song},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Research update on satellite tagging studies of the Arabian Sea humpback whales in the Sultanate of Oman},

author = {Willson, A.,Baldwin, R.,Cerchio, S,Collins, T.,Findlay, K.,Gray, H.,Godley, B.J.,Al Harthi, S.,Kennedy, A.,Minton, G.,Sucunza, F.,Zerbini, A. N.,Witt, M.J.},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Report presented to the Scientific Committee meeting of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {500},

pages = {23},

publisher = {IWC},

abstract = {Three surveys focusing on Arabian Sea humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were conducted from

two field sites off the southern coast of Oman between February 2014 and December 2015. We present a

summary of boat-based survey data and satellite telemetry activities generated by these surveys. Our

findings provide insight into the spatial ecology of Arabian Sea humpback whales (ASHW) and salient

threats to the population. Ninety hours of on-effort vessel-based surveys resulted in 29 sightings of ASHW

groups. Analysis of fluke and dorsal fin images indicates that these sightings involved 40 different

individuals. Tagging efforts resulted in successful deployment of nine satellite tags, six of which provided

data on dive behaviour and vertical distribution within the water column. Tagged whales that were

resighted (n = 5) during subsequent surveys exhibited signs of healing following tag rejection. Satellite

tracking data reveals whales ranging within a 1,150 km corridor along the southern coast of Oman and

northern Yemen, the first transboundary movement recorded for this population. Individuals spent an

average of 83% (SD = 17%) of their time engaged in localised or ‘area restricted search’ (ARS) that is

likely associated with foraging, breeding and resting behaviour. Tracked individuals spent much of their

time over the continental shelf with 73% of satellite-derived locations attributed to waters <200 m depth.

Gathered dive data reveal that tracked whales spent 83% of time in the top 20 m of the water column, most

frequently (39%; SD = 11%) engaged in dives with durations between 5 and 10 minutes. The average

maximum depth recorded by the tags was 199 m (SD = 95 m). Further spatial analysis indicated that 35%

of location points in the study were within the Gulf of Masirah, habitat that co-occurs with emerging

industrial activity and existing artisanal fisheries. Dive behavior in offshore waters beyond the continental

shelf also likely indicates foraging activity. The growing knowledge base for this population supports need

for on-going research and putative mitigation measures to address a wide spectrum of anthropogenic threats

for humpback whales in Oman and the wider region.},

keywords = {Distribution, feeding, humpback whales, megaptera novaeangliae, Oman, photo identification, Satellite telemetry, seasonal change},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Priorities for addressing whale and ship co-occurrence off the coast of Oman and the wider North Indian Ocean.},

author = {Willson, A.,Kowalik, J.,Godley, B.J.,Baldwin, R.,Struck, A.,Struck, L.,Nawaz, Rab,Witt, M.J.},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Report presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {503},

pages = {13},

publisher = {IWC},

abstract = {Satellite telemetry studies and habitat density mapping of the endangered Arabian Sea humpback whale

(Megaptera novaeangliae) has revealed overlap with shipping off the coast of Oman. To date the only other

Northern Indian Ocean (NIO) study to determine the risk of mortality to whales (Baleanoptera musculus)

from shipping was completed in Sri Lanka. A demonstration exercise reviewing vessel traffic (from AIS

data) passing through coarsely defined habitat reveals that container vessels may provide the highest risk to

whales based on speed of vessels, and given a three fold increase in container traffic in the NIO region

between 2004 and 2014. Traffic density heat maps show shipping routes are predominantly distributed

around the periphery of the NIO area in close proximity to the continental shelf showing overlap with

historical records of takes of blue, humpback, sperm (Physester macrocephalus) and Bryde’s whales

(Baleanoptridae edeni) during Soviet whaling between 1964 and 1966. The review presents a case for

immediately commencing risk assessment work on humpback and ship co-occurrence in Oman whilst

undertaking a wider spatial assessment of the region to at least determine priority areas for study. Given

overlapping habitat use between species in certain areas, a multi-species approach to reviewing mitigation

options is recommended.},

keywords = {AIS, Blue whale, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, mitigation, Oman, ship strike, vessel traffic, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Watching out for whales: industry responsibility to address threats to Arabian Sea humpback whales, Gulf of Masirah, Oman},

author = {Baldwin, R.,Willson, Andrew,Collins, T.J.Q.},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Report presented to the 66th meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {312},

pages = {10},

abstract = {Research on Arabian Sea humpback whales in Oman over the past 15 years has revealed that the Gulf of Masirah is a hot spot for this Endangered population and the only part of its known range where males and females are found at near parity. This information has been used by a partnership of industry, consultancy and NGO in Oman to develop mitigation related to port operations and hydrocarbon exploration in the area. This has included the development of a Whale Management and Mitigation Programme to be implemented by the Port of Duqm Company, as well as mitigation procedures that were used by a seismic survey contractor in late 2014. Impacts to whales nevertheless remain, including a collision between seismic equipment and a whale in December 2014, suggesting that further development of protection measures for the Arabian Sea humpback whale is still required. },

keywords = {Arabian Sea, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, mitigation, seismic, ship strike, vessel traffic},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Report on the Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Workshop: Developing a collaborative research and conservation strategy},

author = {Minton, G.,Reeves, R. R.,Collins, T.J.Q.,Willson, Andrew},

url = {https://arabianseawhalenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/arabian-sea-humpback-whale-workshop-report-_final2-1.pdf},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

number = {417},

pages = {50},

abstract = {Executive Summary

Humpback whales in the Arabian Sea (ASHWs) form a discrete population that is designated as an endangered

“subpopulation” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The primary objective of the workshop was to

bring together regional scientists and conservationists who share concern for ASHWs (and other cetaceans in

the region) and to begin developing a unified, collaborative research and conservation strategy that could be

readily communicated to governments, intergovernmental organizations non-governmental organizations,

donors and research colleagues.

Researchers and international experts presented summaries of what is known about the distribution, biology

and threats to humpback whales in each of the represented Arabian Sea range states, as well as information

about research techniques and tools for collaboration that could facilitate the implementation of a regional

conservation-based research strategy.

Participants identified the main threats to whales in the region and knowledge gaps that must be filled in order

to assess and protect ASHWs. Almost all current knowledge about this population is based on data collected in

the Sultanate of Oman, which is the only country in which dedicated humpback whale research has taken

place in recent years. The shortage of information on the population’s full range and population size outside

of Oman is one of the most significant impediments to the pursuit of a regional conservation strategy. Many

of the workshop recommendations focus on harnessing the formal and informal networks and capacity of

participants to fill these knowledge gaps.

The workshop made the following recommendations for follow-up action:

1. Form an Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Research Network: To include development of a mission

statement and objectives and a clear set of conservation- and research-related roles for the members

2. Identify a focal point in each ASHW range state responsible for liaising with the network coordination

team and for 1) verification and documentation of all ASHW stranding and sighting reports, 2)

working with local communities, coastguards and others to collect data opportunistically and 3)

assistance in drafting funding proposals and research plans for country-based or cross-border priority

areas (in the most likely suspected current range of ASHW)

3. Develop a common (web-based) platform for sharing documents, data and research protocols among

network members. To include, if possible, a regional Photo-ID matching platform.

4. Establish data-sharing agreements for any web-based/group-wide data repositories, and memoranda

of understanding between partners who embark on shared analyses to ensure proper data ownership

and publication rights.

5. Produce a "glossy” presentation of ASHW background and conservation concerns that network

partners can use to raise awareness and attract funding.

6. Engage in dedicated fund-raising efforts to support network coordination and research activities at

both national and regional scales.

7. Implement regional research activities that include passive acoustic monitoring at strategic locations,

dedicated boat surveys for genetic sampling, photo-Identification and collecting data on distribution

and numbers, and further analyses of acoustic and genetic data already obtained from Oman and

other locations.

8. Create a common pool of equipment and other resources that can be used for research and analysis

in different range states as required

4

9. Encourage Master’s and PhD candidates from range states to conduct research and conservation

work on ASHWs.

10. Execute a large-scale GIS exercise - mapping all known/confirmed ASHW sightings (with effort indices

when available) and strandings for analysis of spatial/temporal trends, as well as overlap with known

threats (e.g. shipping lanes, high-density fisheries that use gillnets or vertical lines, oil and gas

exploration and development sites).

11. Maintain liaisons with international and inter-governmental organisations that can support the

network’s aims and objectives and ensure that network findings/results are applied toward regional

and international management and conservation frameworks.},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, conservation, Humpback Whale, management, megaptera novaeangliae},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Research update of satellite tracking studies of male Arabian Sea humpback whales; Oman},

author = {Willson, A.,Baldwin, R.,Cerchio, S,Collins,T.,Findlay, K.,Gray, H.,Godley, B.J.,Al Harthi, S.,Kennedy, A.,Minton, G.,Zerbini, A.N.,Witt, M.J.},

issn = {SC/66a/SH/22 Rev 1},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

number = {501},

pages = {12},

abstract = {Satellite tags were deployed on three adult male humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) encountered off the southern coast of Oman during March 2015. This represents the second year of a telemetry study that began with the tagging of three whales in 2014 and forms part of a broader scientific research programme initiated in 2000 to understand the population biology and spatial ecology of Endangered Arabian Sea humpback whales. Tags were deployed in an area commonly associated with the seasonal presence of singing whales. Resightings of whales tagged in 2014 (n=3), supported by photographic evidence of two animals, showed normal healing of epidermal tissue around the tag site over a period of 9 to 11 months. A repeat tagging of one known individual (tagged in 2014) as well as two other known individuals in the Oman photo-ID database provides further evidence for high site fidelity of males to the tagging site as well as the Gulf of Masirah. Habitat utilization inferred from telemetry and vessel survey data have confirmed the urgent need for mitigation measures in high-risk areas and have led to an improved understanding of humpback whale spatial ecology across the wider region.},

keywords = {Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, mitigation, Oman, photo identification, Satellite telemetry, Threats},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Preliminary investigations of humpback whale },

author = {Minton,G.,Collins,T.J.Q.,Findlay,K.P.,Baldwin,R.,Rosenbaum,H.C.,Kennedy,F.D.,Cockcroft,V.},

issn = {SC/54/H3},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Document presented to the 54th meeting of the International Whaling Commission},

volume = {SC/54/H3},

number = {414},

pages = {1-19},

abstract = {Previously published data on the occurrence of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Arabian Sea suggest that the region hosts a non-migratory population that adheres to a Northern Hemisphere breeding cycle. Six small boat surveys and one shore-based survey were conducted at three locations off the coast of Oman between February 2000 and February 2002. Encounter rates varied between surveys from 0.0 whales/hour to 0.545 whales per hour. Two of 36 photo-identified whales were re-sighted between surveys. Sex ratios in October were near parity while all whales sampled in February were male. Song was detected frequently in the Kuria Muria Bay in February, but records of mother-calf pairs are sparse and competitive groups were absent. Feeding was infrequently observed in both October and February. Implications for relative abundance and habitat use are discussed. Additional questions are raised and recommendations for further research are made.},

keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, Distribution, habitat use, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, megaptera novaeangliae, Northern Hemisphere, occurrence, Oman, population, relative abundance, sex-ratio, song, survey, whale, whales, whaling},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Humpback whales },

author = {Baldwin,R.},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

volume = {SC/50/CAWS21},

number = {19},

pages = {1-6},

abstract = {Data are presented on the general distribution and abundance of humpback whales off the coast of the Sultanate of Oman, with particular reference to observations made during an offshore seismic survey in the Arabian Sea in November 1997. Additional information is presented on seasonal occurrence, ecology and behaviour, external appearance, conservation, mortality, incidental capture and population status and identity of Oman's humpback whales. The data generally support the notion of year-round residency of humpback whales off the coast of Oman, but indicate the need for further research to establish whether the low frequency of positive records during summer months is a true reflection of seasonal distribution. Other research on humpback whales in the region is recommended.},

keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, behaviour, conservation, Distribution, ecology, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, incidental capture, megaptera novaeangliae, mortality, occurrence, Oman, population, population identity, status, survey, whale, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) of the Sultanate of Oman },

author = {Baldwin,R.M.},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Report presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

volume = {SC/50/CAWS21 },

number = {315},

pages = {1-6},

abstract = {Data are presented on the general distribution and abundance of humpback whales off the coast of the Sultanate of Oman, with particular reference to observations made during an offshore seismic survey in the Arabian Sea in November 1997. Additional information is presented on seasonal occurrence, ecology and behaviour, external appearance, conservation, mortality, incidental capture and population status and identity of Oman's humpback whales. The data generally support the notion of year-round residency of humpback whales off the coast of Oman, but indicate the need for further research to establish whether the low frequency of positive records during summer months is a true reflection of seasonal distribution. Other research on humpback whales in the region is recommended.},

keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, behaviour, conservation, Distribution, ecology, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, incidental capture, megaptera novaeangliae, mortality, occurrence, Oman, population, population identity, status, survey, whale, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}