Rossi, Sergio
The End of the Cetaceans’ Reign Book
Springer International Publishing, 2019, ISBN: 978-3-030-02514-4.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cetaceans, conservation, Hunting, population decline
@book{,
title = {The End of the Cetaceans’ Reign},
author = {Rossi, Sergio},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02514-4_5},
issn = {978-3-030-02514-4},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Oceans in Decline},
number = {464},
pages = {43-51},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
abstract = {One of the first global maritime industries was undoubtedly whaling. It is not known for sure when systematic whaling began, but there is written evidence that in the ninth century AD there were already what we might call small businesses that chased whales from onshore. In Korea there are caves describing the capture of whales around 6000 BC, and the Romans rounded up and killed whale specimens for trade. However, as the chronicles show, it was more sporadic than a flourishing business. Hunting them down was certainly a lucrative, but also a dangerous and strenuous enterprise. In the early Middle Ages whaling boats followed the large cetaceans long distances by rowing, first harpooning them then waiting for the huge animal to come up to the surface to harpoon securely its prominent back.},
keywords = {cetaceans, conservation, Hunting, population decline},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
One of the first global maritime industries was undoubtedly whaling. It is not known for sure when systematic whaling began, but there is written evidence that in the ninth century AD there were already what we might call small businesses that chased whales from onshore. In Korea there are caves describing the capture of whales around 6000 BC, and the Romans rounded up and killed whale specimens for trade. However, as the chronicles show, it was more sporadic than a flourishing business. Hunting them down was certainly a lucrative, but also a dangerous and strenuous enterprise. In the early Middle Ages whaling boats followed the large cetaceans long distances by rowing, first harpooning them then waiting for the huge animal to come up to the surface to harpoon securely its prominent back.
IWC
Report of the Scientific Committee: Annex O: Cetacean Stocks that Are or Might be Subject of Conservation Management Plans (CMPs) Technical Report
no. 123, 2018.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, conservation, IWC
@techreport{,
title = {Report of the Scientific Committee: Annex O: Cetacean Stocks that Are or Might be Subject of Conservation Management Plans (CMPs)},
author = {IWC},
url = {https://archive.iwc.int/pages/download.php?ref=13044&ext=pdf&alternative=5232&noattach=true},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-01-01},
number = {123},
pages = {20},
publisher = {International Whaling Commission},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, conservation, IWC},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Romañach, Stephanie S.,DeAngelis, Donald L.,Koh, Hock Lye,Li, Yuhong,Teh, Su Yean,Raja Barizan, Raja Sulaiman,Zhai, Lu
Conservation and restoration of mangroves: Global status, perspectives, and prognosis Journal Article
In: Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 154, no. 453, pp. 72-82, 2018, ISBN: 0964-5691.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: conservation, ecosystem services, management, mangrove, restoration
@article{,
title = {Conservation and restoration of mangroves: Global status, perspectives, and prognosis},
author = {Romañach, Stephanie S.,DeAngelis, Donald L.,Koh, Hock Lye,Li, Yuhong,Teh, Su Yean,Raja Barizan, Raja Sulaiman,Zhai, Lu},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569117301710},
issn = {0964-5691},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Ocean & Coastal Management},
volume = {154},
number = {453},
pages = {72-82},
abstract = {Mangrove forests provide critical services around the globe to both human populations and the ecosystems they occupy. However, losses of mangrove habitat of more than 50% have been recorded in some parts of the world, and these losses are largely attributable to human activities. The importance of mangroves and the threats to their persistence have long been recognized, leading to actions taken locally, by national governments, and through international agreements for their protection. In this review, we explore the status of mangrove forests as well as efforts to protect them. We examine threats to the persistence of mangroves, consequences, and potential solutions for effective conservation. We present case studies from disparate regions of the world, showing that the integration of human livelihood needs in a manner that balances conservation goals can present solutions that could lead to long-term sustainability of mangrove forests throughout the world.},
keywords = {conservation, ecosystem services, management, mangrove, restoration},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mangrove forests provide critical services around the globe to both human populations and the ecosystems they occupy. However, losses of mangrove habitat of more than 50% have been recorded in some parts of the world, and these losses are largely attributable to human activities. The importance of mangroves and the threats to their persistence have long been recognized, leading to actions taken locally, by national governments, and through international agreements for their protection. In this review, we explore the status of mangrove forests as well as efforts to protect them. We examine threats to the persistence of mangroves, consequences, and potential solutions for effective conservation. We present case studies from disparate regions of the world, showing that the integration of human livelihood needs in a manner that balances conservation goals can present solutions that could lead to long-term sustainability of mangrove forests throughout the world.
Díaz López, Bruno,Grandcourt, Edwin,Methion, Séverine,Das, Himansu,Bugla, Ibrahim,Al Hameli, Maitha,Al Ameri, Hind,Abdulla, Mohamed,Al Blooshi, Ayesha,Al Dhaheri, Shaikha
The distribution, abundance and group dynamics of Indian Ocean humpback dolphins ( Journal Article
In: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, no. 88, pp. 1-9, 2017, ISBN: 0025-3154.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: abundance, Arabian Gulf, coastal environment, conservation, Indian Ocean humpback dolphins, Persian Gulf, photo-identification, sousa
@article{,
title = {The distribution, abundance and group dynamics of Indian Ocean humpback dolphins (},
author = {Díaz López, Bruno,Grandcourt, Edwin,Methion, Séverine,Das, Himansu,Bugla, Ibrahim,Al Hameli, Maitha,Al Ameri, Hind,Abdulla, Mohamed,Al Blooshi, Ayesha,Al Dhaheri, Shaikha},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/distribution-abundance-and-group-dynamics-of-indian-ocean-humpback-dolphins-sousa-plumbea-in-the-emirate-of-abu-dhabi-uae/9FB6BE811A329C1A0BA57F0BDFC65AB3},
issn = {0025-3154},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},
number = {88},
pages = {1-9},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
abstract = {The Arabian Gulf is one of the most heavily impacted water bodies raising serious concerns about the conservation status of many marine species. A limited coastal range and near-shore distribution make Indian Ocean humpback dolphins particularly vulnerable to mortality and traumatic injuries from heavy maritime traffic and gill-netting practices. Prior to the present study, no research had focused on the ecology of this species in the Arabian Gulf, despite the potential for human impacts. The mark–recapture method of photo-identification, undertaken during 55 boat-based surveys conducted between 2014 and 2015, was used to assess the occurrence, abundance and use of habitat of this endangered species along the coast of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (UAE). In all, 368 h and 6703 km of observation were carried out over a period of 5 months, and 54 encounters were made with humpback dolphins. The group size ranged from 1 to 24 individuals and group composition showed that 79% of the observed dolphins were adults. Abundance estimates were calculated and fitted with open population models. A review of all available data indicates that the studied population is the largest reported in the world with 701 (95% CI = 473–845) individuals. While their occurrence within Abu Dhabi near-shore waters is frequent, the survey area appears to be only a part of a much larger home range for this humpback dolphin population. The observation of multiple threats derived from anthropogenic activities increases our concerns regarding the conservation of this important dolphin population.},
keywords = {abundance, Arabian Gulf, coastal environment, conservation, Indian Ocean humpback dolphins, Persian Gulf, photo-identification, sousa},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Arabian Gulf is one of the most heavily impacted water bodies raising serious concerns about the conservation status of many marine species. A limited coastal range and near-shore distribution make Indian Ocean humpback dolphins particularly vulnerable to mortality and traumatic injuries from heavy maritime traffic and gill-netting practices. Prior to the present study, no research had focused on the ecology of this species in the Arabian Gulf, despite the potential for human impacts. The mark–recapture method of photo-identification, undertaken during 55 boat-based surveys conducted between 2014 and 2015, was used to assess the occurrence, abundance and use of habitat of this endangered species along the coast of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (UAE). In all, 368 h and 6703 km of observation were carried out over a period of 5 months, and 54 encounters were made with humpback dolphins. The group size ranged from 1 to 24 individuals and group composition showed that 79% of the observed dolphins were adults. Abundance estimates were calculated and fitted with open population models. A review of all available data indicates that the studied population is the largest reported in the world with 701 (95% CI = 473–845) individuals. While their occurrence within Abu Dhabi near-shore waters is frequent, the survey area appears to be only a part of a much larger home range for this humpback dolphin population. The observation of multiple threats derived from anthropogenic activities increases our concerns regarding the conservation of this important dolphin population.
Gray, H. W. I.,Nishida, S.,Welch, A. J.,Moura, A. E.,Tanabe, S.,Kiani, M. S.,Culloch, R.,Möller, L.,Natoli, A.,Ponnampalam, L. S.,Minton, G.,Gore, M.,Collins, T.,Willson, A.,Baldwin, R.,Hoelzel, A. R.
Cryptic Lineage Differentiation Among Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in the Northwest Indian Ocean Journal Article
In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, no. 381, 2017, ISBN: 1055-7903.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: bottlenose dolphin, conservation, Indian Ocean, Phylogeography, Pleistocene, taxonomy, tursiops aduncus
@article{,
title = {Cryptic Lineage Differentiation Among Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in the Northwest Indian Ocean},
author = {Gray, H. W. I.,Nishida, S.,Welch, A. J.,Moura, A. E.,Tanabe, S.,Kiani, M. S.,Culloch, R.,Möller, L.,Natoli, A.,Ponnampalam, L. S.,Minton, G.,Gore, M.,Collins, T.,Willson, A.,Baldwin, R.,Hoelzel, A. R.},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790317300635},
issn = {1055-7903},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
number = {381},
abstract = {Phylogeography can provide insight into the potential for speciation and identify geographic regions and evolutionary processes associated with species richness and evolutionary endemism. In the marine environment, highly mobile species sometimes show structured patterns of diversity, but the processes isolating populations and promoting differentiation are often unclear. The Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins) are a striking case in point and, in particular, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.). Understanding the radiation of species in this genus is likely to provide broader inference about the processes that determine patterns of biogeography and speciation, because both fine-scale structure over a range of kilometers and relative panmixia over an oceanic range are known for Tursiops populations. In our study, novel Tursiops spp. sequences from the northwest Indian Ocean (including mitogenomes and two nuDNA loci) are included in a worldwide Tursiops spp. phylogeographic analysis. We discover a new ‘aduncus’ type lineage in the Arabian Sea (off India, Pakistan and Oman) that diverged from the Australasian lineage },
keywords = {bottlenose dolphin, conservation, Indian Ocean, Phylogeography, Pleistocene, taxonomy, tursiops aduncus},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Phylogeography can provide insight into the potential for speciation and identify geographic regions and evolutionary processes associated with species richness and evolutionary endemism. In the marine environment, highly mobile species sometimes show structured patterns of diversity, but the processes isolating populations and promoting differentiation are often unclear. The Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins) are a striking case in point and, in particular, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.). Understanding the radiation of species in this genus is likely to provide broader inference about the processes that determine patterns of biogeography and speciation, because both fine-scale structure over a range of kilometers and relative panmixia over an oceanic range are known for Tursiops populations. In our study, novel Tursiops spp. sequences from the northwest Indian Ocean (including mitogenomes and two nuDNA loci) are included in a worldwide Tursiops spp. phylogeographic analysis. We discover a new ‘aduncus’ type lineage in the Arabian Sea (off India, Pakistan and Oman) that diverged from the Australasian lineage
Minton, G.,Reeves, R. R.,Collins, T.J.Q.,Willson, Andrew
Report on the Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Workshop: Developing a collaborative research and conservation strategy Technical Report
no. 417, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, conservation, Humpback Whale, management, megaptera novaeangliae
@techreport{,
title = {Report on the Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Workshop: Developing a collaborative research and conservation strategy},
author = {Minton, G.,Reeves, R. R.,Collins, T.J.Q.,Willson, Andrew},
url = {https://arabianseawhalenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/arabian-sea-humpback-whale-workshop-report-_final2-1.pdf},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
number = {417},
pages = {50},
abstract = {Executive Summary
Humpback whales in the Arabian Sea (ASHWs) form a discrete population that is designated as an endangered
“subpopulation” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The primary objective of the workshop was to
bring together regional scientists and conservationists who share concern for ASHWs (and other cetaceans in
the region) and to begin developing a unified, collaborative research and conservation strategy that could be
readily communicated to governments, intergovernmental organizations non-governmental organizations,
donors and research colleagues.
Researchers and international experts presented summaries of what is known about the distribution, biology
and threats to humpback whales in each of the represented Arabian Sea range states, as well as information
about research techniques and tools for collaboration that could facilitate the implementation of a regional
conservation-based research strategy.
Participants identified the main threats to whales in the region and knowledge gaps that must be filled in order
to assess and protect ASHWs. Almost all current knowledge about this population is based on data collected in
the Sultanate of Oman, which is the only country in which dedicated humpback whale research has taken
place in recent years. The shortage of information on the population’s full range and population size outside
of Oman is one of the most significant impediments to the pursuit of a regional conservation strategy. Many
of the workshop recommendations focus on harnessing the formal and informal networks and capacity of
participants to fill these knowledge gaps.
The workshop made the following recommendations for follow-up action:
1. Form an Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Research Network: To include development of a mission
statement and objectives and a clear set of conservation- and research-related roles for the members
2. Identify a focal point in each ASHW range state responsible for liaising with the network coordination
team and for 1) verification and documentation of all ASHW stranding and sighting reports, 2)
working with local communities, coastguards and others to collect data opportunistically and 3)
assistance in drafting funding proposals and research plans for country-based or cross-border priority
areas (in the most likely suspected current range of ASHW)
3. Develop a common (web-based) platform for sharing documents, data and research protocols among
network members. To include, if possible, a regional Photo-ID matching platform.
4. Establish data-sharing agreements for any web-based/group-wide data repositories, and memoranda
of understanding between partners who embark on shared analyses to ensure proper data ownership
and publication rights.
5. Produce a "glossy” presentation of ASHW background and conservation concerns that network
partners can use to raise awareness and attract funding.
6. Engage in dedicated fund-raising efforts to support network coordination and research activities at
both national and regional scales.
7. Implement regional research activities that include passive acoustic monitoring at strategic locations,
dedicated boat surveys for genetic sampling, photo-Identification and collecting data on distribution
and numbers, and further analyses of acoustic and genetic data already obtained from Oman and
other locations.
8. Create a common pool of equipment and other resources that can be used for research and analysis
in different range states as required
4
9. Encourage Master’s and PhD candidates from range states to conduct research and conservation
work on ASHWs.
10. Execute a large-scale GIS exercise - mapping all known/confirmed ASHW sightings (with effort indices
when available) and strandings for analysis of spatial/temporal trends, as well as overlap with known
threats (e.g. shipping lanes, high-density fisheries that use gillnets or vertical lines, oil and gas
exploration and development sites).
11. Maintain liaisons with international and inter-governmental organisations that can support the
network’s aims and objectives and ensure that network findings/results are applied toward regional
and international management and conservation frameworks.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, conservation, Humpback Whale, management, megaptera novaeangliae},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Executive Summary
Humpback whales in the Arabian Sea (ASHWs) form a discrete population that is designated as an endangered
“subpopulation” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The primary objective of the workshop was to
bring together regional scientists and conservationists who share concern for ASHWs (and other cetaceans in
the region) and to begin developing a unified, collaborative research and conservation strategy that could be
readily communicated to governments, intergovernmental organizations non-governmental organizations,
donors and research colleagues.
Researchers and international experts presented summaries of what is known about the distribution, biology
and threats to humpback whales in each of the represented Arabian Sea range states, as well as information
about research techniques and tools for collaboration that could facilitate the implementation of a regional
conservation-based research strategy.
Participants identified the main threats to whales in the region and knowledge gaps that must be filled in order
to assess and protect ASHWs. Almost all current knowledge about this population is based on data collected in
the Sultanate of Oman, which is the only country in which dedicated humpback whale research has taken
place in recent years. The shortage of information on the population’s full range and population size outside
of Oman is one of the most significant impediments to the pursuit of a regional conservation strategy. Many
of the workshop recommendations focus on harnessing the formal and informal networks and capacity of
participants to fill these knowledge gaps.
The workshop made the following recommendations for follow-up action:
1. Form an Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Research Network: To include development of a mission
statement and objectives and a clear set of conservation- and research-related roles for the members
2. Identify a focal point in each ASHW range state responsible for liaising with the network coordination
team and for 1) verification and documentation of all ASHW stranding and sighting reports, 2)
working with local communities, coastguards and others to collect data opportunistically and 3)
assistance in drafting funding proposals and research plans for country-based or cross-border priority
areas (in the most likely suspected current range of ASHW)
3. Develop a common (web-based) platform for sharing documents, data and research protocols among
network members. To include, if possible, a regional Photo-ID matching platform.
4. Establish data-sharing agreements for any web-based/group-wide data repositories, and memoranda
of understanding between partners who embark on shared analyses to ensure proper data ownership
and publication rights.
5. Produce a "glossy” presentation of ASHW background and conservation concerns that network
partners can use to raise awareness and attract funding.
6. Engage in dedicated fund-raising efforts to support network coordination and research activities at
both national and regional scales.
7. Implement regional research activities that include passive acoustic monitoring at strategic locations,
dedicated boat surveys for genetic sampling, photo-Identification and collecting data on distribution
and numbers, and further analyses of acoustic and genetic data already obtained from Oman and
other locations.
8. Create a common pool of equipment and other resources that can be used for research and analysis
in different range states as required
4
9. Encourage Master’s and PhD candidates from range states to conduct research and conservation
work on ASHWs.
10. Execute a large-scale GIS exercise - mapping all known/confirmed ASHW sightings (with effort indices
when available) and strandings for analysis of spatial/temporal trends, as well as overlap with known
threats (e.g. shipping lanes, high-density fisheries that use gillnets or vertical lines, oil and gas
exploration and development sites).
11. Maintain liaisons with international and inter-governmental organisations that can support the
network’s aims and objectives and ensure that network findings/results are applied toward regional
and international management and conservation frameworks.
Humpback whales in the Arabian Sea (ASHWs) form a discrete population that is designated as an endangered
“subpopulation” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The primary objective of the workshop was to
bring together regional scientists and conservationists who share concern for ASHWs (and other cetaceans in
the region) and to begin developing a unified, collaborative research and conservation strategy that could be
readily communicated to governments, intergovernmental organizations non-governmental organizations,
donors and research colleagues.
Researchers and international experts presented summaries of what is known about the distribution, biology
and threats to humpback whales in each of the represented Arabian Sea range states, as well as information
about research techniques and tools for collaboration that could facilitate the implementation of a regional
conservation-based research strategy.
Participants identified the main threats to whales in the region and knowledge gaps that must be filled in order
to assess and protect ASHWs. Almost all current knowledge about this population is based on data collected in
the Sultanate of Oman, which is the only country in which dedicated humpback whale research has taken
place in recent years. The shortage of information on the population’s full range and population size outside
of Oman is one of the most significant impediments to the pursuit of a regional conservation strategy. Many
of the workshop recommendations focus on harnessing the formal and informal networks and capacity of
participants to fill these knowledge gaps.
The workshop made the following recommendations for follow-up action:
1. Form an Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Research Network: To include development of a mission
statement and objectives and a clear set of conservation- and research-related roles for the members
2. Identify a focal point in each ASHW range state responsible for liaising with the network coordination
team and for 1) verification and documentation of all ASHW stranding and sighting reports, 2)
working with local communities, coastguards and others to collect data opportunistically and 3)
assistance in drafting funding proposals and research plans for country-based or cross-border priority
areas (in the most likely suspected current range of ASHW)
3. Develop a common (web-based) platform for sharing documents, data and research protocols among
network members. To include, if possible, a regional Photo-ID matching platform.
4. Establish data-sharing agreements for any web-based/group-wide data repositories, and memoranda
of understanding between partners who embark on shared analyses to ensure proper data ownership
and publication rights.
5. Produce a "glossy” presentation of ASHW background and conservation concerns that network
partners can use to raise awareness and attract funding.
6. Engage in dedicated fund-raising efforts to support network coordination and research activities at
both national and regional scales.
7. Implement regional research activities that include passive acoustic monitoring at strategic locations,
dedicated boat surveys for genetic sampling, photo-Identification and collecting data on distribution
and numbers, and further analyses of acoustic and genetic data already obtained from Oman and
other locations.
8. Create a common pool of equipment and other resources that can be used for research and analysis
in different range states as required
4
9. Encourage Master’s and PhD candidates from range states to conduct research and conservation
work on ASHWs.
10. Execute a large-scale GIS exercise - mapping all known/confirmed ASHW sightings (with effort indices
when available) and strandings for analysis of spatial/temporal trends, as well as overlap with known
threats (e.g. shipping lanes, high-density fisheries that use gillnets or vertical lines, oil and gas
exploration and development sites).
11. Maintain liaisons with international and inter-governmental organisations that can support the
network’s aims and objectives and ensure that network findings/results are applied toward regional
and international management and conservation frameworks.
Moore, AlecB M.
Elasmobranchs of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf: ecology, human aspects and research priorities for their improved management Journal Article
In: Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, vol. 22, no. 172, pp. 35-61, 2012, ISBN: 0960-3166.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Batoids, Bycatch, Chondrichthyes, conservation, Fisheries, Middle East, Sharks, Western Indian Ocean
@article{,
title = {Elasmobranchs of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf: ecology, human aspects and research priorities for their improved management},
author = {Moore, AlecB M.},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-011-9222-x},
issn = {0960-3166},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries},
volume = {22},
number = {172},
pages = {35-61},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
keywords = {Batoids, Bycatch, Chondrichthyes, conservation, Fisheries, Middle East, Sharks, Western Indian Ocean},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Braulik,G.,Ranjbar,S.,Owfi,F.,Aminrad,T.,Dakhteh,S.M.H.,Kamrani,E.,Mohsenizadeh,F.
Marine Mammal Records from Iran Journal Article
In: Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, vol. 11, no. 334, pp. 49-63, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: abundance, bottlenose dolphin, Bryde's whale, Common dolphin, conservation, Distribution, dolphin, dugong, fin whale, Finless Porpoise, fishing gear, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, incidental capture, killer whale, location, mammals, management, marine, marine mammal, Marine mammals, mortality, mysticete, mysticetes, Oman, Porpoise, Risso's dolphin, rough-toothed dolphin, Spinner dolphin, whale, whales
@article{,
title = {Marine Mammal Records from Iran},
author = {Braulik,G.,Ranjbar,S.,Owfi,F.,Aminrad,T.,Dakhteh,S.M.H.,Kamrani,E.,Mohsenizadeh,F.},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},
volume = {11},
number = {334},
pages = {49-63},
abstract = {A total of 114 marine mammal records of 14 species were compiled from Iranian coastalwaters of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Eighty-one were from the Persian Gulf, 23from the Gulf of Oman and 10 were of unknown location. Records of finless porpoise(Neophocaena phocaenoides) (24), Indo-pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) (22)and Indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) (21) were by far the most numerousa probable reflection of their inshore distribution and local abundance. Other speciesrecorded were common dolphin (Delphinus capensis tropicalis), rough-toothed dolphin(Steno bredanensis), striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), spinner dolphin (Stenellalongirostris), Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens),sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and dugong (Dugong dugon). Records of 24Mysticetes were compiled, 11 of which were tentatively identified as Bryde's whales(Balaenoptera edeni), three as Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), three as Humpbackwhales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and the remainder were unidentified. The largest threat tomarine mammals in Iran is likely to be incidental capture in fishing gear. Nine finlessporpoises were recorded as bycatch and this and other coastal species may be declining dueto unsustainable mortality rates. Other threats to the marine environment are discussed andrecommended marine mammal conservation and management small projects are described.},
keywords = {abundance, bottlenose dolphin, Bryde's whale, Common dolphin, conservation, Distribution, dolphin, dugong, fin whale, Finless Porpoise, fishing gear, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, incidental capture, killer whale, location, mammals, management, marine, marine mammal, Marine mammals, mortality, mysticete, mysticetes, Oman, Porpoise, Risso's dolphin, rough-toothed dolphin, Spinner dolphin, whale, whales},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A total of 114 marine mammal records of 14 species were compiled from Iranian coastalwaters of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Eighty-one were from the Persian Gulf, 23from the Gulf of Oman and 10 were of unknown location. Records of finless porpoise(Neophocaena phocaenoides) (24), Indo-pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) (22)and Indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) (21) were by far the most numerousa probable reflection of their inshore distribution and local abundance. Other speciesrecorded were common dolphin (Delphinus capensis tropicalis), rough-toothed dolphin(Steno bredanensis), striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), spinner dolphin (Stenellalongirostris), Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens),sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and dugong (Dugong dugon). Records of 24Mysticetes were compiled, 11 of which were tentatively identified as Bryde's whales(Balaenoptera edeni), three as Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), three as Humpbackwhales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and the remainder were unidentified. The largest threat tomarine mammals in Iran is likely to be incidental capture in fishing gear. Nine finlessporpoises were recorded as bycatch and this and other coastal species may be declining dueto unsustainable mortality rates. Other threats to the marine environment are discussed andrecommended marine mammal conservation and management small projects are described.
Rajamani, L.
The conservation biology of the dugong (Dugong dugon) and its seagrass habitat in Sabah, Malaysia, a basis for conservation planning PhD Thesis
2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: conservation, dugong, GIS, habitat, Malaysia, Sabah, Seagrass
@phdthesis{,
title = {The conservation biology of the dugong (Dugong dugon) and its seagrass habitat in Sabah, Malaysia, a basis for conservation planning},
author = {Rajamani, L.},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Borneo Marine Research Institute},
number = {441},
pages = {315},
publisher = {Universiti Malaysia Sabah},
abstract = {Prior to 1999, dugongs were rarely observed in Malaysia. This first comprehensive
study of dugongs and their related seagrass habitats in Sabah, investigated the local
stakeholder environment, the abundance and distribution of dugongs, identified and
monitored threats to dugongs, and mapped seagrass habitats relevant to dugongs.
The study was conducted in two spatial scales namely, 1) Regional (to determine
dugong distribution in Sabah) (excluding Tawau) 2) Local - to determine local dugong
abundance, conduct seagrass mapping and community surveys at two study sites
Banggi island and Mantanani island. Community surveys consisted of a census,
interview surveys, a dugong monitoring programme and participant observation. This
information was used to determine stakeholder characters, and their perceptions of
the researcher, research project, dugongs and seagrasses. Local ecological knowledge
(LEK) of dugongs and seagrasses was also sought. The abundance, composition and
habitat area of seagrass was assessed using a method of visually estimating aboveground
seagrass biomass at sites along one kilometre transects perpendicular to the
coast. Biomass was estimated every 50 metres in shallow areas (up to 5 metres
depth) and every 100 metres in deep areas (greater than 5 metres depth). These sites
later form the basis of seagrass meadows using GIS applications. Standardised aerial
surveys were conducted regionally for the coastal waters of Sabah to determine
dugong distribution patterns. The communities of Banggi and Mantanani are
economically disadvantaged, practise destructive fishing and have little understanding
of ecological processes and concepts of conservation. However, the reasons for
dugong decline are known. Appreciation of the aesthetic value of dugongs within the
communities is varied. However, the community appears to have adequate local
knowledge of the dugong having cultural linkages through a dugong myth.
Approximately, 70% of the total population is young below the age of 30, who could
be receptive to new ideas. Outside influences from the media is widely available to the
community. The community is able to develop a relationship with the researcher and
participate cordially in research activities. Dugong numbers are very low in Sabah.
Fifty two dugongs were sighted in Sabah excluding Tawau. Based on these results,
crude estimates of minimal count are between 688 and 1376 dugongs residing in
coastal Sabah. Key dugong areas were identified to be Brunei Bay, Labuan Island, and
Sandakan Bay. Banggi Island and Mantanani Island supports a small population of
dugongs respectively. Based on this study, dugongs were subject to threats, which
were mostly anthropogenic. They were 1) blast fishing, 2) incidental entangling in nets
and 3) unsupervised tourism and vessel strikes. The number of mortalities in Sabah
(especially in Banggi Island), are high compared to dugong abundance results
obtained in this study. When Potential Biological Removal (PBR) estimates were
compared to crude estimates of yearly mortality, it is confirmed that dugong
populations are declining. Ten species of seagrass from two families were found in
Banggi Island and Mantanani Island. These include Halophila ovalis, Halodule uninervis
(broad and thin variety), Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila
decipiens, Halophila spinulosa, Cymodocea serrulata, Syringodium isoetifolium, and
Enhalus acoroides. A new unidentified species of Halophila was collected in
Molleangan Island, west of Banggi Island. Approximately, 415 ha and 112 ha of
seagrass meadows were mapped in Banggi island and Mantanani island respectively
giving a total of 527 ha of seagrass available for dugong consumption. The
information obtained on the local communities, seagrass and dugong provided the
basis to inform a comprehensive conservation plan in Sabah. Key conservation
strategies include a dialogue and community education programme, provision of
alternative livelihoods, improving enforcement to prevent illegal fishing methods, comanagement
of dugong and seagrass resources, stringent controls on ecotourism and
vessel strikes, zoning of seagrass in marine protected areas and further research. As
the dugong is a migratory species, conservation management at an international level
with the neighbouring state of Sarawak, and countries of Brunei, the Philippines and
Indonesia is necessary.},
keywords = {conservation, dugong, GIS, habitat, Malaysia, Sabah, Seagrass},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
Prior to 1999, dugongs were rarely observed in Malaysia. This first comprehensive
study of dugongs and their related seagrass habitats in Sabah, investigated the local
stakeholder environment, the abundance and distribution of dugongs, identified and
monitored threats to dugongs, and mapped seagrass habitats relevant to dugongs.
The study was conducted in two spatial scales namely, 1) Regional (to determine
dugong distribution in Sabah) (excluding Tawau) 2) Local - to determine local dugong
abundance, conduct seagrass mapping and community surveys at two study sites
Banggi island and Mantanani island. Community surveys consisted of a census,
interview surveys, a dugong monitoring programme and participant observation. This
information was used to determine stakeholder characters, and their perceptions of
the researcher, research project, dugongs and seagrasses. Local ecological knowledge
(LEK) of dugongs and seagrasses was also sought. The abundance, composition and
habitat area of seagrass was assessed using a method of visually estimating aboveground
seagrass biomass at sites along one kilometre transects perpendicular to the
coast. Biomass was estimated every 50 metres in shallow areas (up to 5 metres
depth) and every 100 metres in deep areas (greater than 5 metres depth). These sites
later form the basis of seagrass meadows using GIS applications. Standardised aerial
surveys were conducted regionally for the coastal waters of Sabah to determine
dugong distribution patterns. The communities of Banggi and Mantanani are
economically disadvantaged, practise destructive fishing and have little understanding
of ecological processes and concepts of conservation. However, the reasons for
dugong decline are known. Appreciation of the aesthetic value of dugongs within the
communities is varied. However, the community appears to have adequate local
knowledge of the dugong having cultural linkages through a dugong myth.
Approximately, 70% of the total population is young below the age of 30, who could
be receptive to new ideas. Outside influences from the media is widely available to the
community. The community is able to develop a relationship with the researcher and
participate cordially in research activities. Dugong numbers are very low in Sabah.
Fifty two dugongs were sighted in Sabah excluding Tawau. Based on these results,
crude estimates of minimal count are between 688 and 1376 dugongs residing in
coastal Sabah. Key dugong areas were identified to be Brunei Bay, Labuan Island, and
Sandakan Bay. Banggi Island and Mantanani Island supports a small population of
dugongs respectively. Based on this study, dugongs were subject to threats, which
were mostly anthropogenic. They were 1) blast fishing, 2) incidental entangling in nets
and 3) unsupervised tourism and vessel strikes. The number of mortalities in Sabah
(especially in Banggi Island), are high compared to dugong abundance results
obtained in this study. When Potential Biological Removal (PBR) estimates were
compared to crude estimates of yearly mortality, it is confirmed that dugong
populations are declining. Ten species of seagrass from two families were found in
Banggi Island and Mantanani Island. These include Halophila ovalis, Halodule uninervis
(broad and thin variety), Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila
decipiens, Halophila spinulosa, Cymodocea serrulata, Syringodium isoetifolium, and
Enhalus acoroides. A new unidentified species of Halophila was collected in
Molleangan Island, west of Banggi Island. Approximately, 415 ha and 112 ha of
seagrass meadows were mapped in Banggi island and Mantanani island respectively
giving a total of 527 ha of seagrass available for dugong consumption. The
information obtained on the local communities, seagrass and dugong provided the
basis to inform a comprehensive conservation plan in Sabah. Key conservation
strategies include a dialogue and community education programme, provision of
alternative livelihoods, improving enforcement to prevent illegal fishing methods, comanagement
of dugong and seagrass resources, stringent controls on ecotourism and
vessel strikes, zoning of seagrass in marine protected areas and further research. As
the dugong is a migratory species, conservation management at an international level
with the neighbouring state of Sarawak, and countries of Brunei, the Philippines and
Indonesia is necessary.
study of dugongs and their related seagrass habitats in Sabah, investigated the local
stakeholder environment, the abundance and distribution of dugongs, identified and
monitored threats to dugongs, and mapped seagrass habitats relevant to dugongs.
The study was conducted in two spatial scales namely, 1) Regional (to determine
dugong distribution in Sabah) (excluding Tawau) 2) Local - to determine local dugong
abundance, conduct seagrass mapping and community surveys at two study sites
Banggi island and Mantanani island. Community surveys consisted of a census,
interview surveys, a dugong monitoring programme and participant observation. This
information was used to determine stakeholder characters, and their perceptions of
the researcher, research project, dugongs and seagrasses. Local ecological knowledge
(LEK) of dugongs and seagrasses was also sought. The abundance, composition and
habitat area of seagrass was assessed using a method of visually estimating aboveground
seagrass biomass at sites along one kilometre transects perpendicular to the
coast. Biomass was estimated every 50 metres in shallow areas (up to 5 metres
depth) and every 100 metres in deep areas (greater than 5 metres depth). These sites
later form the basis of seagrass meadows using GIS applications. Standardised aerial
surveys were conducted regionally for the coastal waters of Sabah to determine
dugong distribution patterns. The communities of Banggi and Mantanani are
economically disadvantaged, practise destructive fishing and have little understanding
of ecological processes and concepts of conservation. However, the reasons for
dugong decline are known. Appreciation of the aesthetic value of dugongs within the
communities is varied. However, the community appears to have adequate local
knowledge of the dugong having cultural linkages through a dugong myth.
Approximately, 70% of the total population is young below the age of 30, who could
be receptive to new ideas. Outside influences from the media is widely available to the
community. The community is able to develop a relationship with the researcher and
participate cordially in research activities. Dugong numbers are very low in Sabah.
Fifty two dugongs were sighted in Sabah excluding Tawau. Based on these results,
crude estimates of minimal count are between 688 and 1376 dugongs residing in
coastal Sabah. Key dugong areas were identified to be Brunei Bay, Labuan Island, and
Sandakan Bay. Banggi Island and Mantanani Island supports a small population of
dugongs respectively. Based on this study, dugongs were subject to threats, which
were mostly anthropogenic. They were 1) blast fishing, 2) incidental entangling in nets
and 3) unsupervised tourism and vessel strikes. The number of mortalities in Sabah
(especially in Banggi Island), are high compared to dugong abundance results
obtained in this study. When Potential Biological Removal (PBR) estimates were
compared to crude estimates of yearly mortality, it is confirmed that dugong
populations are declining. Ten species of seagrass from two families were found in
Banggi Island and Mantanani Island. These include Halophila ovalis, Halodule uninervis
(broad and thin variety), Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila
decipiens, Halophila spinulosa, Cymodocea serrulata, Syringodium isoetifolium, and
Enhalus acoroides. A new unidentified species of Halophila was collected in
Molleangan Island, west of Banggi Island. Approximately, 415 ha and 112 ha of
seagrass meadows were mapped in Banggi island and Mantanani island respectively
giving a total of 527 ha of seagrass available for dugong consumption. The
information obtained on the local communities, seagrass and dugong provided the
basis to inform a comprehensive conservation plan in Sabah. Key conservation
strategies include a dialogue and community education programme, provision of
alternative livelihoods, improving enforcement to prevent illegal fishing methods, comanagement
of dugong and seagrass resources, stringent controls on ecotourism and
vessel strikes, zoning of seagrass in marine protected areas and further research. As
the dugong is a migratory species, conservation management at an international level
with the neighbouring state of Sarawak, and countries of Brunei, the Philippines and
Indonesia is necessary.
Sheppard, Charles,Al-Husiani, Mohsen,Al-Jamali, F,Al-Yamani, Faiza,Baldwin, Rob,Bishop, James,Benzoni, Francesca,Dutrieux, Eric,Dulvy, Nicholas K,Durvasula, Subba Rao V
The Gulf: a young sea in decline Journal Article
In: Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 60, no. 223, pp. 13-38, 2010, ISBN: 0025-326X.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Gulf, conservation, habitat degradation, Persian Gulf
@article{,
title = {The Gulf: a young sea in decline},
author = {Sheppard, Charles,Al-Husiani, Mohsen,Al-Jamali, F,Al-Yamani, Faiza,Baldwin, Rob,Bishop, James,Benzoni, Francesca,Dutrieux, Eric,Dulvy, Nicholas K,Durvasula, Subba Rao V},
issn = {0025-326X},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
volume = {60},
number = {223},
pages = {13-38},
abstract = {This review examines the substantial changes that have taken place in marine habitats and resources of
the Gulf over the past decade. The habitats are especially interesting because of the naturally high levels
of temperature and salinity stress they experience, which is important in a changing world climate. However,
the extent of all natural habitats is changing and their condition deteriorating because of the rapid
development of the region and, in some cases from severe, episodic warming episodes.
Major impacts come from numerous industrial, infrastructure-based, and residential and tourism
development activities, which together combine, synergistically in some cases, to cause the observed
deterioration in most benthic habitats. Substantial sea bottom dredging for material and its deposition
in shallow water to extend land or to form a basis for huge developments, directly removes large areas
of shallow, productive habitat, though in some cases the most important effect is the accompanying sedimentation
or changes to water flows and conditions. The large scale of the activities compared to the
relatively shallow and small size of the water body is a particularly important issue.
Important from the perspective of controlling damaging effects is the limited cross-border collaboration
and even intra-country collaboration among government agencies and large projects. Along with
the accumulative nature of impacts that occur, even where each project receives environmental assessment
or attention, each is treated more or less alone, rarely in combination. However, their combination
in such a small, biologically interacting sea exacerbates the overall deterioration. Very few similar areas exist which face such a high concentration of disturbance, and the prognosis for the Gulf continuing to
provide abundant natural resources is poor.},
keywords = {Arabian Gulf, conservation, habitat degradation, Persian Gulf},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This review examines the substantial changes that have taken place in marine habitats and resources of
the Gulf over the past decade. The habitats are especially interesting because of the naturally high levels
of temperature and salinity stress they experience, which is important in a changing world climate. However,
the extent of all natural habitats is changing and their condition deteriorating because of the rapid
development of the region and, in some cases from severe, episodic warming episodes.
Major impacts come from numerous industrial, infrastructure-based, and residential and tourism
development activities, which together combine, synergistically in some cases, to cause the observed
deterioration in most benthic habitats. Substantial sea bottom dredging for material and its deposition
in shallow water to extend land or to form a basis for huge developments, directly removes large areas
of shallow, productive habitat, though in some cases the most important effect is the accompanying sedimentation
or changes to water flows and conditions. The large scale of the activities compared to the
relatively shallow and small size of the water body is a particularly important issue.
Important from the perspective of controlling damaging effects is the limited cross-border collaboration
and even intra-country collaboration among government agencies and large projects. Along with
the accumulative nature of impacts that occur, even where each project receives environmental assessment
or attention, each is treated more or less alone, rarely in combination. However, their combination
in such a small, biologically interacting sea exacerbates the overall deterioration. Very few similar areas exist which face such a high concentration of disturbance, and the prognosis for the Gulf continuing to
provide abundant natural resources is poor.
the Gulf over the past decade. The habitats are especially interesting because of the naturally high levels
of temperature and salinity stress they experience, which is important in a changing world climate. However,
the extent of all natural habitats is changing and their condition deteriorating because of the rapid
development of the region and, in some cases from severe, episodic warming episodes.
Major impacts come from numerous industrial, infrastructure-based, and residential and tourism
development activities, which together combine, synergistically in some cases, to cause the observed
deterioration in most benthic habitats. Substantial sea bottom dredging for material and its deposition
in shallow water to extend land or to form a basis for huge developments, directly removes large areas
of shallow, productive habitat, though in some cases the most important effect is the accompanying sedimentation
or changes to water flows and conditions. The large scale of the activities compared to the
relatively shallow and small size of the water body is a particularly important issue.
Important from the perspective of controlling damaging effects is the limited cross-border collaboration
and even intra-country collaboration among government agencies and large projects. Along with
the accumulative nature of impacts that occur, even where each project receives environmental assessment
or attention, each is treated more or less alone, rarely in combination. However, their combination
in such a small, biologically interacting sea exacerbates the overall deterioration. Very few similar areas exist which face such a high concentration of disturbance, and the prognosis for the Gulf continuing to
provide abundant natural resources is poor.
Hines,E.,Adulyanukosol,K.,Somany,P.,Ath,L.S.,Cox,N.,Boonyanate,P.,Hoa,N.X.
Conservation needs of the dugong Dugong dugon in Cambodia and Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam Journal Article
In: Oryx, vol. 42, no. 386, pp. 113-121, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: aerial survey, conservation, dugong, education, location, management, marine, nets, population, survey
@article{,
title = {Conservation needs of the dugong Dugong dugon in Cambodia and Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam},
author = {Hines,E.,Adulyanukosol,K.,Somany,P.,Ath,L.S.,Cox,N.,Boonyanate,P.,Hoa,N.X.},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Oryx},
volume = {42},
number = {386},
pages = {113-121},
abstract = {This research was conducted to assess the location of population groups and conservation issuesaffecting dugongs Dugong dugon along the eastern Gulf of Thailand off Cambodia and Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam.Interviews in fishing communities in 2002 and 2004 along the Cambodian coast revealed that dugongs aresporadically found in fishing nets and their body parts are sold for a relatively large profit. During 4 days ofaerial surveys in Cambodia in 2004 we saw no dugongs. We interviewed villagers in Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam,in 2002 and learnt that dugongs are regularly found and hunted, again for high profits. In both countrieswe recommend that legislation addressing threatened species be strengthened and enforced. In collaborationwith the Cambodian and Vietnamese governments and NGOs, we propose the exploration of alternative nondestructivefishing methods and the initiation of an education campaign based on conservation of marinewildlife and the nearshore environment. National and transboundary management and community-based conservationare required in conjunction with strategies to address overfishing and poverty.},
keywords = {aerial survey, conservation, dugong, education, location, management, marine, nets, population, survey},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This research was conducted to assess the location of population groups and conservation issuesaffecting dugongs Dugong dugon along the eastern Gulf of Thailand off Cambodia and Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam.Interviews in fishing communities in 2002 and 2004 along the Cambodian coast revealed that dugongs aresporadically found in fishing nets and their body parts are sold for a relatively large profit. During 4 days ofaerial surveys in Cambodia in 2004 we saw no dugongs. We interviewed villagers in Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam,in 2002 and learnt that dugongs are regularly found and hunted, again for high profits. In both countrieswe recommend that legislation addressing threatened species be strengthened and enforced. In collaborationwith the Cambodian and Vietnamese governments and NGOs, we propose the exploration of alternative nondestructivefishing methods and the initiation of an education campaign based on conservation of marinewildlife and the nearshore environment. National and transboundary management and community-based conservationare required in conjunction with strategies to address overfishing and poverty.
Minton,G.,Collins,T.J.Q.,Pomilla,C.,Findlay,K.P.,Rosenbaum,H.C.,Baldwin,R,Brownell Jr,R.L.
Megaptera novaeangliae Journal Article
In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, vol. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/13283, no. 416, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, conservation, endangered, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Oman, whale
@article{,
title = {Megaptera novaeangliae},
author = {Minton,G.,Collins,T.J.Q.,Pomilla,C.,Findlay,K.P.,Rosenbaum,H.C.,Baldwin,R,Brownell Jr,R.L.},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {IUCN Red List of Threatened Species},
volume = {http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/13283},
number = {416},
abstract = {This subpopulation is geographically, demographically and genetically isolated, with a unique year-round residency in sub-tropical waters of the Arabian Sea. The original size of the subpopulation is unknown. However, the current abundance estimate off the coast of Oman, based on photo-identification, while potentially an underestimate, is 82 animals (95% CI 60-111). The basis for an Endangered listing is that the subpopulation is geographically distinct and plausibly contains fewer than 250 mature individuals. According to Taylor et al. (2007) a total abundance of just over 400 individuals would be required in order for the proportion of mature individuals (62%) to reach 250. Even if the Arabian Sea humpback whale population estimate were biased downward, it is highly unlikely that the total abundance would exceed 400.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, conservation, endangered, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Oman, whale},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This subpopulation is geographically, demographically and genetically isolated, with a unique year-round residency in sub-tropical waters of the Arabian Sea. The original size of the subpopulation is unknown. However, the current abundance estimate off the coast of Oman, based on photo-identification, while potentially an underestimate, is 82 animals (95% CI 60-111). The basis for an Endangered listing is that the subpopulation is geographically distinct and plausibly contains fewer than 250 mature individuals. According to Taylor et al. (2007) a total abundance of just over 400 individuals would be required in order for the proportion of mature individuals (62%) to reach 250. Even if the Arabian Sea humpback whale population estimate were biased downward, it is highly unlikely that the total abundance would exceed 400.
Ponnampalam,L.,Collins,T.J.Q.,Minton,G.,Baldwin,R
Feeding ecology of small cetaceans in the Sultanate of Oman Journal Article
In: Poster presented at the 17th meeting of the Society for Marine Mammals in Cape Town, no. 433, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: bottlenose dolphin, bottlenose dolphins, cephalopod, cetacean, cetaceans, conservation, diet, Distribution, dolphin, dolphins, ecology, feeding, feeding ecology, fish, habitat, humpback dolphins, occurrence, Oman, prey, Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris, stomach contents, survey, tursiops
@article{,
title = {Feeding ecology of small cetaceans in the Sultanate of Oman},
author = {Ponnampalam,L.,Collins,T.J.Q.,Minton,G.,Baldwin,R},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Poster presented at the 17th meeting of the Society for Marine Mammals in Cape Town},
number = {433},
abstract = {Beach surveys were conducted along the coast of Oman between 2000 and 2006 to locate and examine cetacean remains. This study examines the stomach contents of 11 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), 5 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and 2 spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) that were found beach-cast along the Omani coastline. Across the three species examined, a total of 4796 fish otoliths and 214 cephalopod beaks were found, representing 36 species in 23 families. No crustacean remains were found. Prey item importance was calculated using the percentage by number (%N), and percentage by frequency of occurrence (%FO) methods, and a modified index of relative importance (IRI). Percentage similarity was also calculated to examine interspecific and intraspecific dietary overlap. All three species of dolphins examined here ate mainly fish. The fish families Apogonidae and Carangidae were the most numerically important prey in the diet of bottlenose dolphins. Sciaenidae was the most numerically important fish family for humpback dolphins. Mesopelagic fishes comprised the diet of spinner dolphins, with the myctophid Benthosema pterotum forming the bulk of the prey items. The cephalopod preys found in the stomach samples were represented by the families Sepiidae, Loliginidae and Onychoteuthidae. The frequency distribution of prey items indicate that the bottlenose dolphins fed in a wide variety of habitats, and may reflect the occurrence of at least two species or ecotypes of Tursiops in Oman. The humpback dolphin prey items indicate feeding in coastal, nearshore areas with soft substrate. Spinner dolphins appeared to feed in the upper 200m of the water column on nocturnal vertically migrating prey. Although most of the prey species do not appear to be of commercial importance, the findings of this study indicated that all three species of dolphins were feeding in areas where fishing occurs and this is likely to have conservation implications. },
keywords = {bottlenose dolphin, bottlenose dolphins, cephalopod, cetacean, cetaceans, conservation, diet, Distribution, dolphin, dolphins, ecology, feeding, feeding ecology, fish, habitat, humpback dolphins, occurrence, Oman, prey, Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris, stomach contents, survey, tursiops},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Beach surveys were conducted along the coast of Oman between 2000 and 2006 to locate and examine cetacean remains. This study examines the stomach contents of 11 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), 5 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and 2 spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) that were found beach-cast along the Omani coastline. Across the three species examined, a total of 4796 fish otoliths and 214 cephalopod beaks were found, representing 36 species in 23 families. No crustacean remains were found. Prey item importance was calculated using the percentage by number (%N), and percentage by frequency of occurrence (%FO) methods, and a modified index of relative importance (IRI). Percentage similarity was also calculated to examine interspecific and intraspecific dietary overlap. All three species of dolphins examined here ate mainly fish. The fish families Apogonidae and Carangidae were the most numerically important prey in the diet of bottlenose dolphins. Sciaenidae was the most numerically important fish family for humpback dolphins. Mesopelagic fishes comprised the diet of spinner dolphins, with the myctophid Benthosema pterotum forming the bulk of the prey items. The cephalopod preys found in the stomach samples were represented by the families Sepiidae, Loliginidae and Onychoteuthidae. The frequency distribution of prey items indicate that the bottlenose dolphins fed in a wide variety of habitats, and may reflect the occurrence of at least two species or ecotypes of Tursiops in Oman. The humpback dolphin prey items indicate feeding in coastal, nearshore areas with soft substrate. Spinner dolphins appeared to feed in the upper 200m of the water column on nocturnal vertically migrating prey. Although most of the prey species do not appear to be of commercial importance, the findings of this study indicated that all three species of dolphins were feeding in areas where fishing occurs and this is likely to have conservation implications.
Smith, B. D., ,Shore, R.G., ,Lopez, A., ,Beasley, I. ,Gilbert, M., ,Sokha, K., ,Kittawattanawong, K., ,Kreb, D., ,Moelyono, H., ,Tun, M. T., ,Channy, O., ,Pattnaik, A., ,Somany, P., ,Phothitay, C., ,Sutaria, D. ,Tun, T.
Action Plan for the Conservation of Freshwater Populations of Irrawaddy Dolphins Book
Wildlife Conservation Society, 2007, ISBN: WCSWP31.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Ayeyarwady River, Chilika Lake, conservation, Freshwater ecosystem management, Irrawaddy dolphin, Mahakam River, Mekong River, population estimates, Songkhla Lake
@book{,
title = {Action Plan for the Conservation of Freshwater Populations of Irrawaddy Dolphins},
author = {Smith, B. D., ,Shore, R.G., ,Lopez, A., ,Beasley, I. ,Gilbert, M., ,Sokha, K., ,Kittawattanawong, K., ,Kreb, D., ,Moelyono, H., ,Tun, M. T., ,Channy, O., ,Pattnaik, A., ,Somany, P., ,Phothitay, C., ,Sutaria, D. ,Tun, T.},
issn = {WCSWP31},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Status and conservation of freshwater populations of Irrawaddy dolphins: WCS Working Paper 31},
number = {477},
pages = {1-119},
publisher = {Wildlife Conservation Society},
abstract = {Freshwater populations of Irrawaddy dolphins are threatened with extinction
in the near future, and urgent conservation measures are required for their
long-term survival. In contrast to the environmental preferences of other members
of their species, which inhabit nearshore marine waters, these animals
live far upstream in three large rivers (the Mekong in Cambodia, Lao PDR
and Vietnam, the Mahakam in Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the Ayeyarwady in
Myanmar) and in two brackish lagoons or marine appended lakes (Songkhla
in Thailand and Chilika in India, Figure 1). Balancing the resource needs of
local human communities with the survival requirements of these large, mobile,
aquatic predators is a challenging task due to their restricted distribution in
freshwater bodies which are already subjected to high levels of human use. The
irony of their endangerment is that Irrawaddy dolphins are generally regarded
positively by local people, probably due to their engaging social displays, role
in cultural folklore, and in the Ayeyarwady River participation in a cooperative
fishery with cast-net fishermen. This positive attitude enhances the potential for
working with governments and local communities to find conservation solutions
and generate local revenue through sustainable tourism.
The primary threat to most populations is incidental killing from gillnet
entanglement. In the Mekong River of Cambodia gillnet entanglement accounted
for 87% of the mean yearly, confirmed human-caused mortalities where
the cause could be identified, representing at least 5.4% of the current estimated
minimum population size. In the Mahakam River, gillnet entanglement
accounted for 66% of the mean yearly recorded mortalities and 4.0% of the
estimated population size. A particular fisheries problem threatening dolphins
in the Ayeyarwady and Mahakam rivers is electrocution from illegal electric
fishing. This non-selective fishing technique may also be causing declines in
dolphin prey.
Habitat loss and degradation are caused by water developments, gold and
coal mining operations, increasing sedimentation from dredging and shoreline
development, and large numbers of fixed fishing gears that block access to large
sections of the rivers and lagoons. The effects of these factors are difficult to
quantify but may be substantial, especially when combined with mortality from
fisheries bycatch. Chemical pollution from biocides used in shoreline aquaculture
and agriculture, mercury and cyanide used in gold mining operations,
and coal spillage from transport barges may be directly affecting the health of
status and conservation of freshwater populations of irrawaddy dolphins
certain populations and indirectly affecting them due to impacts on their prey.
Vessel harassment and collisions may also be affecting some populations, particularly
boat traffic associated with dolphin watching operations in the mouth
of Chilika Lake and possibly in the Mekong River at the Lao PDR-Cambodia
transborder and Kampi pools, while large coal transport barges in narrow
tributary habitat interfere with dolphin movements in the Mahakam River.
Strategies for mitigating bycatch include: (1) establishing core conservation
areas where gillnetting would be banned or severely restricted; (2) promoting
net attendance rules and providing training on the safe release of entangled
dolphins; (3) initiating a program to compensate fishermen for damage caused
to their nets by entangled dolphins that are safely released; (4) providing alternative
or diversified employment options for gillnet fishermen; (5) encouraging
the use of fishing gears that do not harm dolphins by altering or establishing fee
structures for fishing permits to make gillnetting more expensive while decreasing
the fees for non-destructive gears; and (6) experimenting with acoustical
deterrents and reflective nets.
Multiple-use protected areas will play a key role for conserving dolphins:
(1) in the Mekong River, at nine deep pool areas between Kratie and the Lao
PDR-Cambodia border; (2) in the Mahakam River, in 10-20 km segments in
the Kedang Pahu tributary mouth at Muara Pahu Town, the mouths of the
Kedang Kepala and Kedang Rantau tributaries, and the Pela tributary including
the southern portion of Semayang Lake; (3) in the Ayeyarwady River, river
segments between the Taping river confluence at Bhamo to the upstream end of
the second river defile at Sinkan, the downstream end of the second river defile
to Tagaung, and the downstream end of the third river defile at Kyaukmyaung
to Mingun; (4) in Songkhla Lake, in the middle portion of upper Thale Luang;
and (5) in Chilika Lake, in the area between Magamukh and the outer lake
mouth.
Research and monitoring will be needed to guide and assess the efficacy
of conservation interventions. Recommended methods for abundance estimation
include mark-recapture analysis of photo-identified individuals and direct
counts that incorporate measures to reduce sighting biases in the field and
evaluate and correct them analytically. Recommended methods for evaluating
dolphin mortality include interview surveys, carcass recovery programs, and
direct counts of fishing operations known or believed to be responsible for
dolphin deaths.
Freshwater populations of Irrawaddy dolphins can still be saved if appropriate
conservation measures are urgently implemented. To conserve these populations
it will be essential to closely involve local people in the development and
implementation of conservation plans. This will require sufficient funds and
a strong commitment from national governments and local and international
NGOs.
status and conservation of freshwater populations of irrawaddy dolphins
The idea for this volume emerged from the Workshop to Develop a Conservation
Action Plan for Freshwater Populations of Irrawaddy Dolphins held 21-26
March 2005 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The volume aims to publicize the
Action Plan and provide science-based justifications for urgent implementation
of recommended priority actions. The volume contains the Action Plan for the
Conservation of Freshwater Populations of Irrawaddy Dolphins, Report on the
Workshop to Develop a Conservation Action Plan for Freshwater Populations
of Irrawaddy Dolphins, and reviews of the conservation status of each of the
five freshwater populations.
The Action Plan highlights common actions needed for all five populations
and more specific actions needed for individual populations. The complexity
of devising effective solutions to address the full range of threats to freshwater
populations of Irrawaddy dolphins was beyond the scope of this workshop and
also arguably beyond the capacity to finance with available funds. Substantial
progress was made, however, on formulating some practical actions that must
be taken to prevent extinction of these populations.
A recent positive development has been the substantial research progress on
assessing the conservation status of all five freshwater populations of Irrawaddy
dolphins. This has been made possible by the dedicated work of a relatively
small group of local and international scientists and conservationists who were
mostly present at the workshop. We are proud to present in this volume reports
on the conservation status of all five freshwater populations. These reports gave
us a strong foundation for productive discussions at the workshop and development
of the Action Plan. All five reports underwent peer-review and were
edited for consistency and style, but the content remained the responsibility of
individual authors.
Between the time of the workshop and publication of this volume significant
steps have been taken to implement recommended conservation actions for
some populations. To preserve the accuracy of discussions conducted at the
workshop we decided not to revise the workshop report post-hoc but to encourage
authors of the conservation status reports on each population to include
new developments in these documents, which they have done in this volume.},
keywords = {Ayeyarwady River, Chilika Lake, conservation, Freshwater ecosystem management, Irrawaddy dolphin, Mahakam River, Mekong River, population estimates, Songkhla Lake},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Freshwater populations of Irrawaddy dolphins are threatened with extinction
in the near future, and urgent conservation measures are required for their
long-term survival. In contrast to the environmental preferences of other members
of their species, which inhabit nearshore marine waters, these animals
live far upstream in three large rivers (the Mekong in Cambodia, Lao PDR
and Vietnam, the Mahakam in Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the Ayeyarwady in
Myanmar) and in two brackish lagoons or marine appended lakes (Songkhla
in Thailand and Chilika in India, Figure 1). Balancing the resource needs of
local human communities with the survival requirements of these large, mobile,
aquatic predators is a challenging task due to their restricted distribution in
freshwater bodies which are already subjected to high levels of human use. The
irony of their endangerment is that Irrawaddy dolphins are generally regarded
positively by local people, probably due to their engaging social displays, role
in cultural folklore, and in the Ayeyarwady River participation in a cooperative
fishery with cast-net fishermen. This positive attitude enhances the potential for
working with governments and local communities to find conservation solutions
and generate local revenue through sustainable tourism.
The primary threat to most populations is incidental killing from gillnet
entanglement. In the Mekong River of Cambodia gillnet entanglement accounted
for 87% of the mean yearly, confirmed human-caused mortalities where
the cause could be identified, representing at least 5.4% of the current estimated
minimum population size. In the Mahakam River, gillnet entanglement
accounted for 66% of the mean yearly recorded mortalities and 4.0% of the
estimated population size. A particular fisheries problem threatening dolphins
in the Ayeyarwady and Mahakam rivers is electrocution from illegal electric
fishing. This non-selective fishing technique may also be causing declines in
dolphin prey.
Habitat loss and degradation are caused by water developments, gold and
coal mining operations, increasing sedimentation from dredging and shoreline
development, and large numbers of fixed fishing gears that block access to large
sections of the rivers and lagoons. The effects of these factors are difficult to
quantify but may be substantial, especially when combined with mortality from
fisheries bycatch. Chemical pollution from biocides used in shoreline aquaculture
and agriculture, mercury and cyanide used in gold mining operations,
and coal spillage from transport barges may be directly affecting the health of
status and conservation of freshwater populations of irrawaddy dolphins
certain populations and indirectly affecting them due to impacts on their prey.
Vessel harassment and collisions may also be affecting some populations, particularly
boat traffic associated with dolphin watching operations in the mouth
of Chilika Lake and possibly in the Mekong River at the Lao PDR-Cambodia
transborder and Kampi pools, while large coal transport barges in narrow
tributary habitat interfere with dolphin movements in the Mahakam River.
Strategies for mitigating bycatch include: (1) establishing core conservation
areas where gillnetting would be banned or severely restricted; (2) promoting
net attendance rules and providing training on the safe release of entangled
dolphins; (3) initiating a program to compensate fishermen for damage caused
to their nets by entangled dolphins that are safely released; (4) providing alternative
or diversified employment options for gillnet fishermen; (5) encouraging
the use of fishing gears that do not harm dolphins by altering or establishing fee
structures for fishing permits to make gillnetting more expensive while decreasing
the fees for non-destructive gears; and (6) experimenting with acoustical
deterrents and reflective nets.
Multiple-use protected areas will play a key role for conserving dolphins:
(1) in the Mekong River, at nine deep pool areas between Kratie and the Lao
PDR-Cambodia border; (2) in the Mahakam River, in 10-20 km segments in
the Kedang Pahu tributary mouth at Muara Pahu Town, the mouths of the
Kedang Kepala and Kedang Rantau tributaries, and the Pela tributary including
the southern portion of Semayang Lake; (3) in the Ayeyarwady River, river
segments between the Taping river confluence at Bhamo to the upstream end of
the second river defile at Sinkan, the downstream end of the second river defile
to Tagaung, and the downstream end of the third river defile at Kyaukmyaung
to Mingun; (4) in Songkhla Lake, in the middle portion of upper Thale Luang;
and (5) in Chilika Lake, in the area between Magamukh and the outer lake
mouth.
Research and monitoring will be needed to guide and assess the efficacy
of conservation interventions. Recommended methods for abundance estimation
include mark-recapture analysis of photo-identified individuals and direct
counts that incorporate measures to reduce sighting biases in the field and
evaluate and correct them analytically. Recommended methods for evaluating
dolphin mortality include interview surveys, carcass recovery programs, and
direct counts of fishing operations known or believed to be responsible for
dolphin deaths.
Freshwater populations of Irrawaddy dolphins can still be saved if appropriate
conservation measures are urgently implemented. To conserve these populations
it will be essential to closely involve local people in the development and
implementation of conservation plans. This will require sufficient funds and
a strong commitment from national governments and local and international
NGOs.
status and conservation of freshwater populations of irrawaddy dolphins
The idea for this volume emerged from the Workshop to Develop a Conservation
Action Plan for Freshwater Populations of Irrawaddy Dolphins held 21-26
March 2005 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The volume aims to publicize the
Action Plan and provide science-based justifications for urgent implementation
of recommended priority actions. The volume contains the Action Plan for the
Conservation of Freshwater Populations of Irrawaddy Dolphins, Report on the
Workshop to Develop a Conservation Action Plan for Freshwater Populations
of Irrawaddy Dolphins, and reviews of the conservation status of each of the
five freshwater populations.
The Action Plan highlights common actions needed for all five populations
and more specific actions needed for individual populations. The complexity
of devising effective solutions to address the full range of threats to freshwater
populations of Irrawaddy dolphins was beyond the scope of this workshop and
also arguably beyond the capacity to finance with available funds. Substantial
progress was made, however, on formulating some practical actions that must
be taken to prevent extinction of these populations.
A recent positive development has been the substantial research progress on
assessing the conservation status of all five freshwater populations of Irrawaddy
dolphins. This has been made possible by the dedicated work of a relatively
small group of local and international scientists and conservationists who were
mostly present at the workshop. We are proud to present in this volume reports
on the conservation status of all five freshwater populations. These reports gave
us a strong foundation for productive discussions at the workshop and development
of the Action Plan. All five reports underwent peer-review and were
edited for consistency and style, but the content remained the responsibility of
individual authors.
Between the time of the workshop and publication of this volume significant
steps have been taken to implement recommended conservation actions for
some populations. To preserve the accuracy of discussions conducted at the
workshop we decided not to revise the workshop report post-hoc but to encourage
authors of the conservation status reports on each population to include
new developments in these documents, which they have done in this volume.
in the near future, and urgent conservation measures are required for their
long-term survival. In contrast to the environmental preferences of other members
of their species, which inhabit nearshore marine waters, these animals
live far upstream in three large rivers (the Mekong in Cambodia, Lao PDR
and Vietnam, the Mahakam in Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the Ayeyarwady in
Myanmar) and in two brackish lagoons or marine appended lakes (Songkhla
in Thailand and Chilika in India, Figure 1). Balancing the resource needs of
local human communities with the survival requirements of these large, mobile,
aquatic predators is a challenging task due to their restricted distribution in
freshwater bodies which are already subjected to high levels of human use. The
irony of their endangerment is that Irrawaddy dolphins are generally regarded
positively by local people, probably due to their engaging social displays, role
in cultural folklore, and in the Ayeyarwady River participation in a cooperative
fishery with cast-net fishermen. This positive attitude enhances the potential for
working with governments and local communities to find conservation solutions
and generate local revenue through sustainable tourism.
The primary threat to most populations is incidental killing from gillnet
entanglement. In the Mekong River of Cambodia gillnet entanglement accounted
for 87% of the mean yearly, confirmed human-caused mortalities where
the cause could be identified, representing at least 5.4% of the current estimated
minimum population size. In the Mahakam River, gillnet entanglement
accounted for 66% of the mean yearly recorded mortalities and 4.0% of the
estimated population size. A particular fisheries problem threatening dolphins
in the Ayeyarwady and Mahakam rivers is electrocution from illegal electric
fishing. This non-selective fishing technique may also be causing declines in
dolphin prey.
Habitat loss and degradation are caused by water developments, gold and
coal mining operations, increasing sedimentation from dredging and shoreline
development, and large numbers of fixed fishing gears that block access to large
sections of the rivers and lagoons. The effects of these factors are difficult to
quantify but may be substantial, especially when combined with mortality from
fisheries bycatch. Chemical pollution from biocides used in shoreline aquaculture
and agriculture, mercury and cyanide used in gold mining operations,
and coal spillage from transport barges may be directly affecting the health of
status and conservation of freshwater populations of irrawaddy dolphins
certain populations and indirectly affecting them due to impacts on their prey.
Vessel harassment and collisions may also be affecting some populations, particularly
boat traffic associated with dolphin watching operations in the mouth
of Chilika Lake and possibly in the Mekong River at the Lao PDR-Cambodia
transborder and Kampi pools, while large coal transport barges in narrow
tributary habitat interfere with dolphin movements in the Mahakam River.
Strategies for mitigating bycatch include: (1) establishing core conservation
areas where gillnetting would be banned or severely restricted; (2) promoting
net attendance rules and providing training on the safe release of entangled
dolphins; (3) initiating a program to compensate fishermen for damage caused
to their nets by entangled dolphins that are safely released; (4) providing alternative
or diversified employment options for gillnet fishermen; (5) encouraging
the use of fishing gears that do not harm dolphins by altering or establishing fee
structures for fishing permits to make gillnetting more expensive while decreasing
the fees for non-destructive gears; and (6) experimenting with acoustical
deterrents and reflective nets.
Multiple-use protected areas will play a key role for conserving dolphins:
(1) in the Mekong River, at nine deep pool areas between Kratie and the Lao
PDR-Cambodia border; (2) in the Mahakam River, in 10-20 km segments in
the Kedang Pahu tributary mouth at Muara Pahu Town, the mouths of the
Kedang Kepala and Kedang Rantau tributaries, and the Pela tributary including
the southern portion of Semayang Lake; (3) in the Ayeyarwady River, river
segments between the Taping river confluence at Bhamo to the upstream end of
the second river defile at Sinkan, the downstream end of the second river defile
to Tagaung, and the downstream end of the third river defile at Kyaukmyaung
to Mingun; (4) in Songkhla Lake, in the middle portion of upper Thale Luang;
and (5) in Chilika Lake, in the area between Magamukh and the outer lake
mouth.
Research and monitoring will be needed to guide and assess the efficacy
of conservation interventions. Recommended methods for abundance estimation
include mark-recapture analysis of photo-identified individuals and direct
counts that incorporate measures to reduce sighting biases in the field and
evaluate and correct them analytically. Recommended methods for evaluating
dolphin mortality include interview surveys, carcass recovery programs, and
direct counts of fishing operations known or believed to be responsible for
dolphin deaths.
Freshwater populations of Irrawaddy dolphins can still be saved if appropriate
conservation measures are urgently implemented. To conserve these populations
it will be essential to closely involve local people in the development and
implementation of conservation plans. This will require sufficient funds and
a strong commitment from national governments and local and international
NGOs.
status and conservation of freshwater populations of irrawaddy dolphins
The idea for this volume emerged from the Workshop to Develop a Conservation
Action Plan for Freshwater Populations of Irrawaddy Dolphins held 21-26
March 2005 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The volume aims to publicize the
Action Plan and provide science-based justifications for urgent implementation
of recommended priority actions. The volume contains the Action Plan for the
Conservation of Freshwater Populations of Irrawaddy Dolphins, Report on the
Workshop to Develop a Conservation Action Plan for Freshwater Populations
of Irrawaddy Dolphins, and reviews of the conservation status of each of the
five freshwater populations.
The Action Plan highlights common actions needed for all five populations
and more specific actions needed for individual populations. The complexity
of devising effective solutions to address the full range of threats to freshwater
populations of Irrawaddy dolphins was beyond the scope of this workshop and
also arguably beyond the capacity to finance with available funds. Substantial
progress was made, however, on formulating some practical actions that must
be taken to prevent extinction of these populations.
A recent positive development has been the substantial research progress on
assessing the conservation status of all five freshwater populations of Irrawaddy
dolphins. This has been made possible by the dedicated work of a relatively
small group of local and international scientists and conservationists who were
mostly present at the workshop. We are proud to present in this volume reports
on the conservation status of all five freshwater populations. These reports gave
us a strong foundation for productive discussions at the workshop and development
of the Action Plan. All five reports underwent peer-review and were
edited for consistency and style, but the content remained the responsibility of
individual authors.
Between the time of the workshop and publication of this volume significant
steps have been taken to implement recommended conservation actions for
some populations. To preserve the accuracy of discussions conducted at the
workshop we decided not to revise the workshop report post-hoc but to encourage
authors of the conservation status reports on each population to include
new developments in these documents, which they have done in this volume.
Baldwin,R.M.,Collins,T.J.Q.,Van Waerebeek,K.,Minton,G.
The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin of the Arabian region: a status review Journal Article
In: Aquatic Mammals, vol. 30, no. 319, pp. 111-124, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: abundance, Arabian Gulf, Arabian region, Arabian Sea, associations, behaviour, Boat traffic, cetacean, cetaceans, conservation, development, Distribution, dolphin, dolphins, ecology, Fisheries, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, humpback dolphins, incidental capture, military, museum specimens, nets, Oman, pollution, population, populations, Red Sea, status, Stock identity, Strandings, tursiops
@article{,
title = {The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin of the Arabian region: a status review},
author = {Baldwin,R.M.,Collins,T.J.Q.,Van Waerebeek,K.,Minton,G.},
url = {https://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=247:the-indo-pacific-humpback-dolphin-of-the-arabian-region-a-status-review&catid=13&Itemid=157},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Aquatic Mammals},
volume = {30},
number = {319},
pages = {111-124},
abstract = {Records of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin sightings, strandings, and museum specimens in the Arabian region were compiled and used to review the distribution and status of this species. Nominal usage of Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) has been retained as a pragmatic measure, although the species present in the region resembles Sousa plumbea (G. Cuvier, 1828). Little is known about the ecology of this species in the region. Most available information on S. chinensis in the region originates from the Sultanate of Oman, where this species is among the most commonly recorded cetaceans. However, there is no absolute measure of abundance for anywhere in the region and the status of the species is unknown. Distribution is described for the region to include much of the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea, but notably excludes the Gulf of Oman. This discontinuous distribution suggests the possible presence of discrete populations within the region. Beach-cast/dead individuals represent nearly two-thirds of all records (n=303) of this species in Oman. Live sightings indicate unusually large group sizes (up to 100 individuals) in the Arabian Sea and Arabian Gulf. Occasional associations with Tursiops sp. and Delphinus capensis tropicalis were documented. Mating behaviour and the presence of calves were recorded in the months of April and May and calves are also reported in June, October, November and December. Threats to humpback dolphins in the Arabian region include incidental capture in fishing nets, coastal and offshore development (e.g. land reclamation, dredging, port and harbour construction), pollution, boat traffic, oil and gas exploration (including seismic surveying), military exercises and biotoxins associated with red tide events. Evidence for historic and current directed catches of S. chinensis is limited, but opportunistic hunting may occur. Intraspecific variation in cranial measurements of individuals from the Arabian Sea coast of Oman fall within relative values found in individuals from the Saudi Arabian Gulf coast. Cranial abnormalities were few. Recommendations are made for conservation management-oriented research focusing on stock identity and status assessments, as well as for monitoring of fisheries bycatch, clearer definition of other threats, continued specimen and sample collection and training of local scientists.},
keywords = {abundance, Arabian Gulf, Arabian region, Arabian Sea, associations, behaviour, Boat traffic, cetacean, cetaceans, conservation, development, Distribution, dolphin, dolphins, ecology, Fisheries, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, humpback dolphins, incidental capture, military, museum specimens, nets, Oman, pollution, population, populations, Red Sea, status, Stock identity, Strandings, tursiops},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Records of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin sightings, strandings, and museum specimens in the Arabian region were compiled and used to review the distribution and status of this species. Nominal usage of Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) has been retained as a pragmatic measure, although the species present in the region resembles Sousa plumbea (G. Cuvier, 1828). Little is known about the ecology of this species in the region. Most available information on S. chinensis in the region originates from the Sultanate of Oman, where this species is among the most commonly recorded cetaceans. However, there is no absolute measure of abundance for anywhere in the region and the status of the species is unknown. Distribution is described for the region to include much of the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea, but notably excludes the Gulf of Oman. This discontinuous distribution suggests the possible presence of discrete populations within the region. Beach-cast/dead individuals represent nearly two-thirds of all records (n=303) of this species in Oman. Live sightings indicate unusually large group sizes (up to 100 individuals) in the Arabian Sea and Arabian Gulf. Occasional associations with Tursiops sp. and Delphinus capensis tropicalis were documented. Mating behaviour and the presence of calves were recorded in the months of April and May and calves are also reported in June, October, November and December. Threats to humpback dolphins in the Arabian region include incidental capture in fishing nets, coastal and offshore development (e.g. land reclamation, dredging, port and harbour construction), pollution, boat traffic, oil and gas exploration (including seismic surveying), military exercises and biotoxins associated with red tide events. Evidence for historic and current directed catches of S. chinensis is limited, but opportunistic hunting may occur. Intraspecific variation in cranial measurements of individuals from the Arabian Sea coast of Oman fall within relative values found in individuals from the Saudi Arabian Gulf coast. Cranial abnormalities were few. Recommendations are made for conservation management-oriented research focusing on stock identity and status assessments, as well as for monitoring of fisheries bycatch, clearer definition of other threats, continued specimen and sample collection and training of local scientists.
Minton,G.
Ecology and Conservation of Cetaceans in Oman, with particular reference to humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) PhD Thesis
2004.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: cetacean, cetaceans, conservation, ecology, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, megaptera novaeangliae, Oman, whale, whales
@phdthesis{,
title = {Ecology and Conservation of Cetaceans in Oman, with particular reference to humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)},
author = {Minton,G.},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
number = {407},
pages = {250},
publisher = {University of London, University Marine Biological Station, Millport},
abstract = {Small boat surveys were conducted between 2000 and 2003 in three main areas of Oman's coastal waters: Muscat, the Gulf of Masirah and Dhofar. Species sighted during surveys include (in order of frequency) bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), common dolphins (Delphinus capensis), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris), Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera brydeii), Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens), blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and unidentified beaked whales. Relative abundance analyses with respect to study area, depth and slope reveal clear trends for the seven most frequently encountered species, which generally demonstrate the same habitat preferences as con-specifics elsewhere.
Analyses of humpback whale seasonal distribution, group composition and behaviour reveal that both breeding and feeding take place off the coast of Oman. Photo-identification of individual whales reveals a high level of site fidelity and capture-recapture methods yield population estimates of less than 100 individuals for the study areas, but sample sizes are small and variance values were high. Comparison of the Oman photo-identification catalogue, as well as mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies with those from other study areas in the Southern Indian Ocean, support the theory of a resident Arabian Sea population with little or no ongoing exchange with other Indian Ocean stocks.
Rapid population growth, infrastructure development, and expansion of fisheries in Oman are placing increased pressure on coastal and marine habitats. Data from systematic beach surveys indicate relatively high levels of mortality for bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops sp., humpback dolphins, Sousa chinensis, and Bryde's whales, Balaenoptera brydeii. 52% of beach-cast cetacean specimens show signs of fisheries-related mortality, and analysis of humpback whale scarring patterns indicates that approximately a third of all photographed animals bear signs of fisheries interactions. Management and conservation of cetacean species in Oman will require continued research and monitoring, and increased cooperation between governmental bodies and other stakeholders in Oman, including coastal communities, fishers, fishing companies, developers, researchers and tourists as well as government planning bodies.},
keywords = {cetacean, cetaceans, conservation, ecology, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, megaptera novaeangliae, Oman, whale, whales},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {phdthesis}
}
Small boat surveys were conducted between 2000 and 2003 in three main areas of Oman's coastal waters: Muscat, the Gulf of Masirah and Dhofar. Species sighted during surveys include (in order of frequency) bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), common dolphins (Delphinus capensis), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris), Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera brydeii), Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens), blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and unidentified beaked whales. Relative abundance analyses with respect to study area, depth and slope reveal clear trends for the seven most frequently encountered species, which generally demonstrate the same habitat preferences as con-specifics elsewhere.
Analyses of humpback whale seasonal distribution, group composition and behaviour reveal that both breeding and feeding take place off the coast of Oman. Photo-identification of individual whales reveals a high level of site fidelity and capture-recapture methods yield population estimates of less than 100 individuals for the study areas, but sample sizes are small and variance values were high. Comparison of the Oman photo-identification catalogue, as well as mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies with those from other study areas in the Southern Indian Ocean, support the theory of a resident Arabian Sea population with little or no ongoing exchange with other Indian Ocean stocks.
Rapid population growth, infrastructure development, and expansion of fisheries in Oman are placing increased pressure on coastal and marine habitats. Data from systematic beach surveys indicate relatively high levels of mortality for bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops sp., humpback dolphins, Sousa chinensis, and Bryde's whales, Balaenoptera brydeii. 52% of beach-cast cetacean specimens show signs of fisheries-related mortality, and analysis of humpback whale scarring patterns indicates that approximately a third of all photographed animals bear signs of fisheries interactions. Management and conservation of cetacean species in Oman will require continued research and monitoring, and increased cooperation between governmental bodies and other stakeholders in Oman, including coastal communities, fishers, fishing companies, developers, researchers and tourists as well as government planning bodies.
Analyses of humpback whale seasonal distribution, group composition and behaviour reveal that both breeding and feeding take place off the coast of Oman. Photo-identification of individual whales reveals a high level of site fidelity and capture-recapture methods yield population estimates of less than 100 individuals for the study areas, but sample sizes are small and variance values were high. Comparison of the Oman photo-identification catalogue, as well as mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies with those from other study areas in the Southern Indian Ocean, support the theory of a resident Arabian Sea population with little or no ongoing exchange with other Indian Ocean stocks.
Rapid population growth, infrastructure development, and expansion of fisheries in Oman are placing increased pressure on coastal and marine habitats. Data from systematic beach surveys indicate relatively high levels of mortality for bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops sp., humpback dolphins, Sousa chinensis, and Bryde's whales, Balaenoptera brydeii. 52% of beach-cast cetacean specimens show signs of fisheries-related mortality, and analysis of humpback whale scarring patterns indicates that approximately a third of all photographed animals bear signs of fisheries interactions. Management and conservation of cetacean species in Oman will require continued research and monitoring, and increased cooperation between governmental bodies and other stakeholders in Oman, including coastal communities, fishers, fishing companies, developers, researchers and tourists as well as government planning bodies.
HM Sultan Qaboos Bin Said
Royal Decree 6/2003: Issuing the Law of Natural Protected Areas (NPAs) and Conservation of Wildlife
2003.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: conservation, protected areas
@{,
title = {Royal Decree 6/2003: Issuing the Law of Natural Protected Areas (NPAs) and Conservation of Wildlife},
author = {HM Sultan Qaboos Bin Said},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
volume = {6/2003},
number = {217},
abstract = {Royal Decree 6/2003, Issuing the law of Natural Protected Areas and Conservation of Wildlife, specifies that it is illegal to hunt, confine, breed or transfer any protected animal or its products in, or to collect samples from or possess any wildlife or its products inside or outside protected areas. The decree contains a listing of "Appendix 1" and "Appendix 2" protected species, which include Arabian Oryx, Arabian Leopard, and all four species of sea turtle, among other species. Proposals to include a number of cetacean species on these lists were rejected for unknown reasons.},
keywords = {conservation, protected areas},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {}
}
Royal Decree 6/2003, Issuing the law of Natural Protected Areas and Conservation of Wildlife, specifies that it is illegal to hunt, confine, breed or transfer any protected animal or its products in, or to collect samples from or possess any wildlife or its products inside or outside protected areas. The decree contains a listing of "Appendix 1" and "Appendix 2" protected species, which include Arabian Oryx, Arabian Leopard, and all four species of sea turtle, among other species. Proposals to include a number of cetacean species on these lists were rejected for unknown reasons.
Ministry of Regional Municipalities; Environment
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Technical Report
no. 369, 2001.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: conservation, ecosystem, education, endangered, Fisheries, guiding, habitat, management, marine, objectives, Oman, population, productivity, protected areas, status
@techreport{,
title = {National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan},
author = {Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
volume = {86/2001},
number = {369},
pages = {1-56},
abstract = {Executive Summary Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity Biodiversity supports human societies ecologically, economically, culturally and spiritually. Despite its importance, ecosystems are degrading and the species and genetic diversity reducing at an alarming rate due to the impact of growing human population and increasing resource consumption. The global decline of biodiversity is now recognized as one of the most serious environmental issues facing humanity. This inspired the global community to negotiate the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Delegation from Oman actively participated in these negotiations and the Government of Oman signed the Convention in June 1992 and ratified it in 1994. The three objectives of the Biodiversity Convention are: -the conservation of biodiversity; -the sustainable use of biological resources; and -the fair and equitable sharing of benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources. These objectives form the three pillars of sustainable development, ecological integrity, economic sustainability and social equity thus illustrating the nature and scope of the Convention. As a global instrument, it sets the stage for each nation to assess the adequacy of current efforts to conserve biodiversity and sustainable use of biological resources and to determine how inadequacies will be rectified. One of the key obligations of the signatory parties to the Convention is to prepare a national biodiversity strategy and action plan. Thus, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is a response to this obligation. It has been developed to guide the implementation of the Biodiversity Convention in Oman. All strategic directions contained in the Strategy are relevant from a national perspective. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan recognizes existing constitutional and legislative responsibilities for biodiversity in Oman. It also emphasizes the importance of intergovernmental co-operation to create the policy, management and research to advance ecological management. National and regional governments, sectoral agencies, and other stakeholders including the members of the public, will pursue the implementation of the Strategy as guided by their administrative and fiscal capabilities. Elements of the National Strategy and Action Plan Vision: The National Strategy and Action Plan presents a vision for Oman of: A society that is conscious of the role and issues related to biological diversity, convinced of its responsibilities toward future generations and determined to sustainably use natural resources in harmony with all other living things in accordance with the teachings of Islam. In support of this vision, the Strategy presents a series of guiding principles that provide a foundation for implementation. The Strategy provides a framework for action that will enhance our ability to ensure productivity, diversity and integrity of our natural ecosystems and, as a result, our ability as a nation to develop sustainably. It promotes the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of biological resources, and describes how we will complement international efforts to implement the Convention. Mission: "To conserve the biological diversity of the Sultanate and its terrestrial and marine environment, in accordance with the articles of the Convention on Biological Diversity, for the benefit of the present and future generations of Omanis and for mankind as a whole, with respect to the guiding principles of Islam. " Main strategic goals: -Safeguard habitats and productive renewable resources for rational and sustainable exploitation .-Conserve habitat, plant and animal diversity especially of those uncommon and also of special interest; -Provide a high quality natural environment for recreational and tourist activities; - Improve the understanding of ecosystems and increase resource management capability; - Advocate the need to conserve biodiversity and use biological resources in a sustainable manner; - Develop legislation that insures the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of biological resources; - Develop incentives that will promote, biodiversity conservation and provide employment for local people; - Equitably share the benefits of sustainable resources including genetic resources at local and regional levels. - Promote regional and international collaboration on biodiversity conservation and sustainability of natural resources. Proposed mechanisms for implementation: - Creation of a permanent interministerial biodiversity steering Committee and National Biodiversity office which will be responsible for : 1) the filing of an annual national report on policies, activities and plans aimed at implementing the Strategy; 2) co-ordinating the implementation of national and international elements of the Strategy; 3) recommend measures to permit and encourage non-government participation in the implementation of the Strategy; 4) Regular reporting on the status of biodiversity; and, 5) revision of the strategy after an initial implementation phase of five years. The National Strategy and Action Plan proposes a series of priority actions that are classified according to the following themes involving most sectors of society: .Conservation of Natural Resources (Protected areas, Endangered species, conservation) .Terrestrial and Freshwater Fauna . Marine Life and Fisheries .Terrestrial and Aquatic Flora .Agriculture Resources.Energy Resources .Mineral Resources .Industry, Technology and Services (Biotechnology and Biosafety, Tourism) .Urban Environment .Water Resources .Environmental Emergencies .Participation of the Public, Non-Governmental Organisations and Private Sector .Societal Values (Public awareness, education and training; Environmental impact assessments; Institutional and legal framework) .Quality of Life .Spiritual Values },
keywords = {conservation, ecosystem, education, endangered, Fisheries, guiding, habitat, management, marine, objectives, Oman, population, productivity, protected areas, status},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Executive Summary Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity Biodiversity supports human societies ecologically, economically, culturally and spiritually. Despite its importance, ecosystems are degrading and the species and genetic diversity reducing at an alarming rate due to the impact of growing human population and increasing resource consumption. The global decline of biodiversity is now recognized as one of the most serious environmental issues facing humanity. This inspired the global community to negotiate the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Delegation from Oman actively participated in these negotiations and the Government of Oman signed the Convention in June 1992 and ratified it in 1994. The three objectives of the Biodiversity Convention are: -the conservation of biodiversity; -the sustainable use of biological resources; and -the fair and equitable sharing of benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources. These objectives form the three pillars of sustainable development, ecological integrity, economic sustainability and social equity thus illustrating the nature and scope of the Convention. As a global instrument, it sets the stage for each nation to assess the adequacy of current efforts to conserve biodiversity and sustainable use of biological resources and to determine how inadequacies will be rectified. One of the key obligations of the signatory parties to the Convention is to prepare a national biodiversity strategy and action plan. Thus, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is a response to this obligation. It has been developed to guide the implementation of the Biodiversity Convention in Oman. All strategic directions contained in the Strategy are relevant from a national perspective. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan recognizes existing constitutional and legislative responsibilities for biodiversity in Oman. It also emphasizes the importance of intergovernmental co-operation to create the policy, management and research to advance ecological management. National and regional governments, sectoral agencies, and other stakeholders including the members of the public, will pursue the implementation of the Strategy as guided by their administrative and fiscal capabilities. Elements of the National Strategy and Action Plan Vision: The National Strategy and Action Plan presents a vision for Oman of: A society that is conscious of the role and issues related to biological diversity, convinced of its responsibilities toward future generations and determined to sustainably use natural resources in harmony with all other living things in accordance with the teachings of Islam. In support of this vision, the Strategy presents a series of guiding principles that provide a foundation for implementation. The Strategy provides a framework for action that will enhance our ability to ensure productivity, diversity and integrity of our natural ecosystems and, as a result, our ability as a nation to develop sustainably. It promotes the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of biological resources, and describes how we will complement international efforts to implement the Convention. Mission: "To conserve the biological diversity of the Sultanate and its terrestrial and marine environment, in accordance with the articles of the Convention on Biological Diversity, for the benefit of the present and future generations of Omanis and for mankind as a whole, with respect to the guiding principles of Islam. " Main strategic goals: -Safeguard habitats and productive renewable resources for rational and sustainable exploitation .-Conserve habitat, plant and animal diversity especially of those uncommon and also of special interest; -Provide a high quality natural environment for recreational and tourist activities; - Improve the understanding of ecosystems and increase resource management capability; - Advocate the need to conserve biodiversity and use biological resources in a sustainable manner; - Develop legislation that insures the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of biological resources; - Develop incentives that will promote, biodiversity conservation and provide employment for local people; - Equitably share the benefits of sustainable resources including genetic resources at local and regional levels. - Promote regional and international collaboration on biodiversity conservation and sustainability of natural resources. Proposed mechanisms for implementation: - Creation of a permanent interministerial biodiversity steering Committee and National Biodiversity office which will be responsible for : 1) the filing of an annual national report on policies, activities and plans aimed at implementing the Strategy; 2) co-ordinating the implementation of national and international elements of the Strategy; 3) recommend measures to permit and encourage non-government participation in the implementation of the Strategy; 4) Regular reporting on the status of biodiversity; and, 5) revision of the strategy after an initial implementation phase of five years. The National Strategy and Action Plan proposes a series of priority actions that are classified according to the following themes involving most sectors of society: .Conservation of Natural Resources (Protected areas, Endangered species, conservation) .Terrestrial and Freshwater Fauna . Marine Life and Fisheries .Terrestrial and Aquatic Flora .Agriculture Resources.Energy Resources .Mineral Resources .Industry, Technology and Services (Biotechnology and Biosafety, Tourism) .Urban Environment .Water Resources .Environmental Emergencies .Participation of the Public, Non-Governmental Organisations and Private Sector .Societal Values (Public awareness, education and training; Environmental impact assessments; Institutional and legal framework) .Quality of Life .Spiritual Values
Baldwin,R.M.
Oman's humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Journal Article
In: The Journal of Oman Studies, vol. 11 , no. 316, pp. 11-18, 2000.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: abundance, Arabian Sea, behaviour, conservation, Distribution, ecology, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, incidental capture, megaptera novaeangliae, mortality, occurrence, Oman, population, population identity, status, survey, whale, whales
@article{,
title = {Oman's humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) },
author = {Baldwin,R.M.},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {The Journal of Oman Studies},
volume = {11 },
number = {316},
pages = {11-18},
abstract = {Data are presented on the general distribution and abundance of humpback whales off the coast of the Sultanate of Oman, with particular reference to observations made during an offshore seismic survey in the Arabian Sea in November 1997. Additional information is presented on seasonal occurrence, ecology and behaviour, external appearance, conservation, mortality, incidental capture, population status and identity of Oman's humpback whales. The data generally support the notion of year-round residency of humpback whales off the coast of Oman, but indicate the need for further research to establish whether the low frequency of positive records during summer months is a true reflection of seasonal distribution. Other research on humpback whales in the region is recommended.},
keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, behaviour, conservation, Distribution, ecology, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, incidental capture, megaptera novaeangliae, mortality, occurrence, Oman, population, population identity, status, survey, whale, whales},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Data are presented on the general distribution and abundance of humpback whales off the coast of the Sultanate of Oman, with particular reference to observations made during an offshore seismic survey in the Arabian Sea in November 1997. Additional information is presented on seasonal occurrence, ecology and behaviour, external appearance, conservation, mortality, incidental capture, population status and identity of Oman's humpback whales. The data generally support the notion of year-round residency of humpback whales off the coast of Oman, but indicate the need for further research to establish whether the low frequency of positive records during summer months is a true reflection of seasonal distribution. Other research on humpback whales in the region is recommended.
Wilson,S.C.
Northwest Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman Book
Pergamon, Elsevier Science, 2000, ISBN: Gianna's files.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, conservation, coral, enforcement, Fisheries, Indian Ocean, oceanography, Oman
@book{,
title = {Northwest Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman},
author = {Wilson,S.C.},
issn = {Gianna's files},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Seas at the Millennium: an Environmental Evaluation: Volume II Regional Chapters: The Indian Ocean to the Pacific},
number = {509},
pages = {17-33},
publisher = {Pergamon, Elsevier Science},
abstract = {The chapter provides a summary of marine and coastal habitats in and bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. General oceanographic/hydrographic features are discussed, with emphasis on the influence of the seasonal monsoons. Industrial, agricultural and social developments likely to affect coastal and marine areas are discussed, with particular attention to fisheries development and the problem of bycatch and overfishing. The region is characterized by few marine protected areas, and poor enforcement of those conservation measures that have been implemented.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, conservation, coral, enforcement, Fisheries, Indian Ocean, oceanography, Oman},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The chapter provides a summary of marine and coastal habitats in and bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. General oceanographic/hydrographic features are discussed, with emphasis on the influence of the seasonal monsoons. Industrial, agricultural and social developments likely to affect coastal and marine areas are discussed, with particular attention to fisheries development and the problem of bycatch and overfishing. The region is characterized by few marine protected areas, and poor enforcement of those conservation measures that have been implemented.
Wilson,S.C.,Klaus,R.
The Gulf of Aden Book
Pergamon, Elsevier Science, 2000.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, conservation, coral, dolphin, dolphins, East Africa, enforcement, Fisheries, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, management, marine, mortality, oceanography, Oman, pollution, productivity, Red Sea, turtles
@book{,
title = {The Gulf of Aden},
author = {Wilson,S.C.,Klaus,R.},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Seas at the Millennium: an Environmental Evaluation: Volume II Regional Chapters: The Indian Ocean to the Pacific},
number = {510},
pages = {47-61},
publisher = {Pergamon, Elsevier Science},
abstract = {The Gulf of Aden lies between southern Arabia and the Horn of Africa and connects with the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. The Socotra Archipelago lies at its entrance, off the Horn of Africa. The largest influence comes from the reversing monsoon system with strong and persistent winds that blow from the southwest in summer, and from the northeast in winter. These also cause a reversal in the direction of surface currents. Associated with the summer monsoon are upwelling areas along the eastern coast of Yemen, and one centred on the Somali coast southwest of Socotra. Both have a profound effect on coastal habitats and stimulate high marine productivity which supports a rich fishery. Marine biodiversity is relatively high since the area is a transition zone between the Red Sea, Southern Arabia and East Africa. Terrestrial diversity, particularly in the flora of Socotra, is also elevated by high levels of endemism. Coasts are mainly exposed sandy beaches separated by rocky headlands. Coral communities and reefs have developed most notably in Djibouti and offshore islands of Somalia. Seagrasses are relatively uncommon, and mangrove stands are most abundant to the west and southwest. A striking feature of rocky shores is the abundant macroalgae that appears following the onset of the Southwest Monsoon in particular. Green turtles nest in tens of thousands, and thousands of dolphins have also recently been observed. Perhaps the most serious single threat to sustainable use of marine resources comes from overfishing, particularly by industrial fleets that operate with or without licenses. Some stocks have collapsed or are showing signs of strain, including cuttlefish, shark and lobster. Wildlife species are also harvested and incidental mortality appears high. Levels of pollution are low except around larger towns where sewage and solid wastes are starting to affect resources. Chronic oil pollution originating from tankers is also cause for concern, but levels appear to be low. Harsh environmental conditions and lack of infrastructure limits exploitation of coastal resources and traditional methods of limiting exploitation are still effective. Political instability and unrest, and lack of funding have hampered coastal management, though a strategic action plan for the conservation and protection of the marine environment has recently been prepared by PERSGA as a crucial first step. There are only two small marine parks in the region, both in Djibouti.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, conservation, coral, dolphin, dolphins, East Africa, enforcement, Fisheries, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, management, marine, mortality, oceanography, Oman, pollution, productivity, Red Sea, turtles},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The Gulf of Aden lies between southern Arabia and the Horn of Africa and connects with the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. The Socotra Archipelago lies at its entrance, off the Horn of Africa. The largest influence comes from the reversing monsoon system with strong and persistent winds that blow from the southwest in summer, and from the northeast in winter. These also cause a reversal in the direction of surface currents. Associated with the summer monsoon are upwelling areas along the eastern coast of Yemen, and one centred on the Somali coast southwest of Socotra. Both have a profound effect on coastal habitats and stimulate high marine productivity which supports a rich fishery. Marine biodiversity is relatively high since the area is a transition zone between the Red Sea, Southern Arabia and East Africa. Terrestrial diversity, particularly in the flora of Socotra, is also elevated by high levels of endemism. Coasts are mainly exposed sandy beaches separated by rocky headlands. Coral communities and reefs have developed most notably in Djibouti and offshore islands of Somalia. Seagrasses are relatively uncommon, and mangrove stands are most abundant to the west and southwest. A striking feature of rocky shores is the abundant macroalgae that appears following the onset of the Southwest Monsoon in particular. Green turtles nest in tens of thousands, and thousands of dolphins have also recently been observed. Perhaps the most serious single threat to sustainable use of marine resources comes from overfishing, particularly by industrial fleets that operate with or without licenses. Some stocks have collapsed or are showing signs of strain, including cuttlefish, shark and lobster. Wildlife species are also harvested and incidental mortality appears high. Levels of pollution are low except around larger towns where sewage and solid wastes are starting to affect resources. Chronic oil pollution originating from tankers is also cause for concern, but levels appear to be low. Harsh environmental conditions and lack of infrastructure limits exploitation of coastal resources and traditional methods of limiting exploitation are still effective. Political instability and unrest, and lack of funding have hampered coastal management, though a strategic action plan for the conservation and protection of the marine environment has recently been prepared by PERSGA as a crucial first step. There are only two small marine parks in the region, both in Djibouti.
Phillip Clapham, Sharon Young, Robert L. Brownell Jr
Baleen whales: conservation issues and the status of the most endangered populations Journal Article
In: Mammal Review, vol. 29 , no. 69, pp. 35-60, 1999.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: abundance, Arabian Sea, Arctic, Balaena mysticetus, baleen whale, baleen whales, Blue whale, bowhead whale, bowhead whales, conservation, contaminants, disease, endangered, Entanglement, Eubalaena glacialis, fishing gear, gray whales, habitat degradation, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, mortality, Okhotsk Sea, population, populations, right whale, right whales, ship-strike, southern right whales, status, stocks, whale, whales, whaling
@article{,
title = {Baleen whales: conservation issues and the status of the most endangered populations },
author = {Phillip Clapham, Sharon Young, Robert L. Brownell Jr},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00035.x},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
urldate = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Mammal Review},
volume = {29 },
number = {69},
pages = {35-60},
abstract = {Most species of baleen whales were subject to intensive overexploitation by commercial whaling in this and previous centuries, and many populations were reduced to small fractions of their original sizes. Here, we review the status of baleen whale stocks, with an emphasis on those that are known or thought to be critically endangered. Current data suggest that, of the various threats potentially affecting baleen whales, only entanglement in fishing gear and ship strikes may be significant at the population level, and then only in those populations which are already at critically low abundance. The impact of some problems (vessel harassment, and commercial or aboriginal whaling) is at present probably minor. For others (contaminants, habitat degradation, disease), existing data either indicate no immediate cause for concern, or are insufficient to permit an assessment. While the prospect for many baleen whales appears good, there are notable exceptions: populations that are of greatest concern are those suffering from low abundance and associated problems, including (in some cases) anthropogenic mortality. These include: all Northern Right N hales Eubalaena glacialis. Bowhead Whales Balaena mysticetus of the Okhotsk Sea and various eastern Arctic populations. western Gray Whales Eschrichtius robustus, and probably many Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus populations. We review the status of these populations and. where known, the issues potentially affecting their recovery. Although Humpback Whales Megaptera novaeangliae and Southern Right Whales Eubalaena australis were also heavily exploited by whaling. existing data indicate strong recovery in most studied populations of these species.},
keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, Arctic, Balaena mysticetus, baleen whale, baleen whales, Blue whale, bowhead whale, bowhead whales, conservation, contaminants, disease, endangered, Entanglement, Eubalaena glacialis, fishing gear, gray whales, habitat degradation, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, mortality, Okhotsk Sea, population, populations, right whale, right whales, ship-strike, southern right whales, status, stocks, whale, whales, whaling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Most species of baleen whales were subject to intensive overexploitation by commercial whaling in this and previous centuries, and many populations were reduced to small fractions of their original sizes. Here, we review the status of baleen whale stocks, with an emphasis on those that are known or thought to be critically endangered. Current data suggest that, of the various threats potentially affecting baleen whales, only entanglement in fishing gear and ship strikes may be significant at the population level, and then only in those populations which are already at critically low abundance. The impact of some problems (vessel harassment, and commercial or aboriginal whaling) is at present probably minor. For others (contaminants, habitat degradation, disease), existing data either indicate no immediate cause for concern, or are insufficient to permit an assessment. While the prospect for many baleen whales appears good, there are notable exceptions: populations that are of greatest concern are those suffering from low abundance and associated problems, including (in some cases) anthropogenic mortality. These include: all Northern Right N hales Eubalaena glacialis. Bowhead Whales Balaena mysticetus of the Okhotsk Sea and various eastern Arctic populations. western Gray Whales Eschrichtius robustus, and probably many Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus populations. We review the status of these populations and. where known, the issues potentially affecting their recovery. Although Humpback Whales Megaptera novaeangliae and Southern Right Whales Eubalaena australis were also heavily exploited by whaling. existing data indicate strong recovery in most studied populations of these species.
Baldwin,R.
Humpback whales Technical Report
no. 19, 1998.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: abundance, Arabian Sea, behaviour, conservation, Distribution, ecology, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, incidental capture, megaptera novaeangliae, mortality, occurrence, Oman, population, population identity, status, survey, whale, whales
@techreport{,
title = {Humpback whales },
author = {Baldwin,R.},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
volume = {SC/50/CAWS21},
number = {19},
pages = {1-6},
abstract = {Data are presented on the general distribution and abundance of humpback whales off the coast of the Sultanate of Oman, with particular reference to observations made during an offshore seismic survey in the Arabian Sea in November 1997. Additional information is presented on seasonal occurrence, ecology and behaviour, external appearance, conservation, mortality, incidental capture and population status and identity of Oman's humpback whales. The data generally support the notion of year-round residency of humpback whales off the coast of Oman, but indicate the need for further research to establish whether the low frequency of positive records during summer months is a true reflection of seasonal distribution. Other research on humpback whales in the region is recommended.},
keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, behaviour, conservation, Distribution, ecology, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, incidental capture, megaptera novaeangliae, mortality, occurrence, Oman, population, population identity, status, survey, whale, whales},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Data are presented on the general distribution and abundance of humpback whales off the coast of the Sultanate of Oman, with particular reference to observations made during an offshore seismic survey in the Arabian Sea in November 1997. Additional information is presented on seasonal occurrence, ecology and behaviour, external appearance, conservation, mortality, incidental capture and population status and identity of Oman's humpback whales. The data generally support the notion of year-round residency of humpback whales off the coast of Oman, but indicate the need for further research to establish whether the low frequency of positive records during summer months is a true reflection of seasonal distribution. Other research on humpback whales in the region is recommended.
Baldwin,R.M.
Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) of the Sultanate of Oman Technical Report
no. 315, 1998.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: abundance, Arabian Sea, behaviour, conservation, Distribution, ecology, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, incidental capture, megaptera novaeangliae, mortality, occurrence, Oman, population, population identity, status, survey, whale, whales
@techreport{,
title = {Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) of the Sultanate of Oman },
author = {Baldwin,R.M.},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Report presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},
volume = {SC/50/CAWS21 },
number = {315},
pages = {1-6},
abstract = {Data are presented on the general distribution and abundance of humpback whales off the coast of the Sultanate of Oman, with particular reference to observations made during an offshore seismic survey in the Arabian Sea in November 1997. Additional information is presented on seasonal occurrence, ecology and behaviour, external appearance, conservation, mortality, incidental capture and population status and identity of Oman's humpback whales. The data generally support the notion of year-round residency of humpback whales off the coast of Oman, but indicate the need for further research to establish whether the low frequency of positive records during summer months is a true reflection of seasonal distribution. Other research on humpback whales in the region is recommended.},
keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, behaviour, conservation, Distribution, ecology, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, incidental capture, megaptera novaeangliae, mortality, occurrence, Oman, population, population identity, status, survey, whale, whales},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Data are presented on the general distribution and abundance of humpback whales off the coast of the Sultanate of Oman, with particular reference to observations made during an offshore seismic survey in the Arabian Sea in November 1997. Additional information is presented on seasonal occurrence, ecology and behaviour, external appearance, conservation, mortality, incidental capture and population status and identity of Oman's humpback whales. The data generally support the notion of year-round residency of humpback whales off the coast of Oman, but indicate the need for further research to establish whether the low frequency of positive records during summer months is a true reflection of seasonal distribution. Other research on humpback whales in the region is recommended.
Khani,A.M.Q.
Sea Dolphins of Pakistan Journal Article
In: Biopsphere Quarterly Magazine, vol. Oct-Dec, no. 132, pp. 4-9, 1998.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, bottlenose dolphin, Common dolphin, conservation, humpback dolphins, Indian Ocean, Pakistan
@article{,
title = {Sea Dolphins of Pakistan},
author = {Khani,A.M.Q.},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Biopsphere Quarterly Magazine},
volume = {Oct-Dec},
number = {132},
pages = {4-9},
abstract = {The article describes some of the results of a privately funded (amateur enthusiasts?) survey for dolphins on the Pakistan coastline in 1997. Motorized boats and aircraft were used. Descriptions of encounters with bottlenose, common, and humpback dolphins are described. No details of effort or encounter rate are provided. There is some discussion of potential threats and conservation concerns.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, bottlenose dolphin, Common dolphin, conservation, humpback dolphins, Indian Ocean, Pakistan},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The article describes some of the results of a privately funded (amateur enthusiasts?) survey for dolphins on the Pakistan coastline in 1997. Motorized boats and aircraft were used. Descriptions of encounters with bottlenose, common, and humpback dolphins are described. No details of effort or encounter rate are provided. There is some discussion of potential threats and conservation concerns.
Robineau,D.,Fiquet,P.
The Cetacea of the Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Saudi Arabia Book
NCWCD, 1996.
BibTeX | Tags: Arabia, Arabian Gulf, cetacea, conservation, marine, oil, sanctuaries
@book{,
title = {The Cetacea of the Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Saudi Arabia},
author = {Robineau,D.,Fiquet,P.},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {A Marine Wildlife Sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf Environmental Research and Conservation Following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill.},
number = {208},
pages = {438-457},
publisher = {NCWCD},
keywords = {Arabia, Arabian Gulf, cetacea, conservation, marine, oil, sanctuaries},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Ministry of Regional Municipalities; Environment
National Conservation Strategy: Sultanate of Oman: Volume I, Synthesis and Policy Framework Technical Report
no. 367, 1992.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: conservation, Fisheries, management, Oman, pollution, population, survey
@techreport{,
title = {National Conservation Strategy: Sultanate of Oman: Volume I, Synthesis and Policy Framework},
author = {Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment},
year = {1992},
date = {1992-01-01},
number = {367},
pages = {1-288},
publisher = {Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment},
abstract = {The NCS comprises three volumes, I) the synthesis and policy framework, II) a detailed review and evaluation of natural resources in Oman; and III) the NCS Action Plan of implementation with some 50 sectorial, national and regional programmes and projects along the theme of integrated development and environment protection. The report points out the 'lagging pace and role of environmental planning', which has not been directly associated with economic and social planning, despite some limited efforts to control pollution. The report focuses more on the problems of resource utilization and sustainability (referring to land, water, fisheries, rangelands and forest), and calls for an improvement in the management and efficiency of use of these resources. The report emphasizes threats of continued population growth and limited water resources, and the need for land and water conservation. It recommends enhancing knowledge thorough conducting more intensive and continuous surveys and studies. The report also addresses historical sites and heritage preservation and the need to raise environmental consciousness and awareness. The report is rather vague in its recommendations - espousing conservation cooperation between ministries and prudence etc. etc. without any specific measures. One chapter outlines the responsibilities of the MRME, the need to inform the public, recruit more Omani expertise/train staff, enact more legislation etc. etc. Ministerial Decree 43/92: Establishment of a Permanent Committee of the National Conservation Strategy. This includes the Undersecretaries from MRME as chairpersons, and representatives from the Ministry of Defense, the Diwan of the Royal Court, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of water resources, Min of Ed, Min of communications, MAF, Min of labour affairs, housing, health affairs, electric and water, civil services, Islamic affairs, national heritage and culture, petroleum and minerals, SQUA, Dep gov of Dhofar, ports and amaritime affairs, legal ffairs, ROP, chamber of commerce etc. But what happened to this committee and what do they do?????},
keywords = {conservation, Fisheries, management, Oman, pollution, population, survey},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The NCS comprises three volumes, I) the synthesis and policy framework, II) a detailed review and evaluation of natural resources in Oman; and III) the NCS Action Plan of implementation with some 50 sectorial, national and regional programmes and projects along the theme of integrated development and environment protection. The report points out the 'lagging pace and role of environmental planning', which has not been directly associated with economic and social planning, despite some limited efforts to control pollution. The report focuses more on the problems of resource utilization and sustainability (referring to land, water, fisheries, rangelands and forest), and calls for an improvement in the management and efficiency of use of these resources. The report emphasizes threats of continued population growth and limited water resources, and the need for land and water conservation. It recommends enhancing knowledge thorough conducting more intensive and continuous surveys and studies. The report also addresses historical sites and heritage preservation and the need to raise environmental consciousness and awareness. The report is rather vague in its recommendations - espousing conservation cooperation between ministries and prudence etc. etc. without any specific measures. One chapter outlines the responsibilities of the MRME, the need to inform the public, recruit more Omani expertise/train staff, enact more legislation etc. etc. Ministerial Decree 43/92: Establishment of a Permanent Committee of the National Conservation Strategy. This includes the Undersecretaries from MRME as chairpersons, and representatives from the Ministry of Defense, the Diwan of the Royal Court, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of water resources, Min of Ed, Min of communications, MAF, Min of labour affairs, housing, health affairs, electric and water, civil services, Islamic affairs, national heritage and culture, petroleum and minerals, SQUA, Dep gov of Dhofar, ports and amaritime affairs, legal ffairs, ROP, chamber of commerce etc. But what happened to this committee and what do they do?????
Clark,J.E.
Proposals for a System of Nature Conservation Areas Technical Report
no. 348, 1986.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: cetacean, conservation, endangered, habitat, Humpback Whale, management, marine, objectives, Oman, population, populations, survey, whale
@techreport{,
title = {Proposals for a System of Nature Conservation Areas},
author = {Clark,J.E.},
year = {1986},
date = {1986-01-01},
number = {348},
pages = {1-477},
publisher = {IUCN},
abstract = {This report describes the outcome of a nature conservation project set up by the Government of the Sultanate of Oman and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Oman is a state member of IUCN. The project was operational for almost 20 months, starting in October 1984. An IUCN consultant Project Leader and an Omani Assistant Project Leader were employed full time. Five other IUCN specialists were employed on short term consultancies. The project's goal was to prepare in-depth plans for a system of nature conservation areas (NCAs) in Oman. The resultant nature conservation programme would form part of Oman's total land use strategy. The plans were to include prescriptions for policy and law; the design of a NCA system; and proposals for the structure and operation of a Directorate General of Wildlife and Nature Conservation. This new Government entity is expected to be set up in the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources . The specific requirements for the proposed NCA system were threefold. Firstly, it should be representative of Oman's varied wild habitats, terrestrial and marine: we identified, described and mapped 43 different Land Classes and 12 Marine Habitats. Secondly, it should conserve populations of all threatened and endemic wildlife found in Oman, and other species judged to be of special interest: we identified 94 plant and 100 animal taxa that fell within this grouping. Thirdly, it should protect selected sites and areas, chosen because they had interesting biotic or abiotic features. We identified and described 89 such sites. The sites comprised desert pools and seepages, coastal lagoons, tidal inlets, marine sites, botanical sites, caves, geological and geomorphological sites and landscapes. The resultant system that we designed consists of 91 NCAs, dispersed widely throughout Oman, and covering a total area of 119,798 sq. km. We proposed that there should be three different categories of NCA: national nature reserve (NNR), 59 areas; national scenic reserve (NSR), 20 areas; and national resource reserve (NRR), 12 areas. NNRs are the most strictly managed category: permanent human settlement is not permitted. NSRs may contain human settlement but the laws provide mechanisms for controlling human activities in conformity with nature conservation objectives. NRR is a temporary category of NCA, given to areas that are clearly of interest but about which insufficient is known to justify delineating NCA boundaries. NRRs are identified as priority areas for further studies that may lead to their becoming NNRs or NSRs. We also provided for the protection of selected wildlife outside the NCA system. We recommended two categories of protected wildlife: those that should be granted full protection, and those that be partially protected to the extent that controlled, licensed taking could be permitted. (The only cetacean species mentioned in this list is the humpback whale, which is tentatively classified as endangered. This is probably due to the lack of information about any other species at that time. Marine sites proposed for protection were selected "ont he basis of their having interesting sublittoral features". Selection was on the basis of biological or scenic characteristics. The authors acknowledge that the survey was limited in its study of marine sites, but believe that their proposals include so many long stretches of coastline that important habitats will be included. Marine areas proposed for first priority in active management (NNRs) include Jazirat Umm al Fayyarin (Musandam), Ras Suwadi, Daymaniyat Islands, Qurm/Fahal, Bandar Jissah, Ras al Hadd, Ras al Junays, Barr al Hikmann, Hasikiyah, Qibliyah, Marbat, Khawr Rawri and Khawr Salalah. Sawda and Hallaniya are propsed as NSR's.},
keywords = {cetacean, conservation, endangered, habitat, Humpback Whale, management, marine, objectives, Oman, population, populations, survey, whale},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
This report describes the outcome of a nature conservation project set up by the Government of the Sultanate of Oman and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Oman is a state member of IUCN. The project was operational for almost 20 months, starting in October 1984. An IUCN consultant Project Leader and an Omani Assistant Project Leader were employed full time. Five other IUCN specialists were employed on short term consultancies. The project's goal was to prepare in-depth plans for a system of nature conservation areas (NCAs) in Oman. The resultant nature conservation programme would form part of Oman's total land use strategy. The plans were to include prescriptions for policy and law; the design of a NCA system; and proposals for the structure and operation of a Directorate General of Wildlife and Nature Conservation. This new Government entity is expected to be set up in the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources . The specific requirements for the proposed NCA system were threefold. Firstly, it should be representative of Oman's varied wild habitats, terrestrial and marine: we identified, described and mapped 43 different Land Classes and 12 Marine Habitats. Secondly, it should conserve populations of all threatened and endemic wildlife found in Oman, and other species judged to be of special interest: we identified 94 plant and 100 animal taxa that fell within this grouping. Thirdly, it should protect selected sites and areas, chosen because they had interesting biotic or abiotic features. We identified and described 89 such sites. The sites comprised desert pools and seepages, coastal lagoons, tidal inlets, marine sites, botanical sites, caves, geological and geomorphological sites and landscapes. The resultant system that we designed consists of 91 NCAs, dispersed widely throughout Oman, and covering a total area of 119,798 sq. km. We proposed that there should be three different categories of NCA: national nature reserve (NNR), 59 areas; national scenic reserve (NSR), 20 areas; and national resource reserve (NRR), 12 areas. NNRs are the most strictly managed category: permanent human settlement is not permitted. NSRs may contain human settlement but the laws provide mechanisms for controlling human activities in conformity with nature conservation objectives. NRR is a temporary category of NCA, given to areas that are clearly of interest but about which insufficient is known to justify delineating NCA boundaries. NRRs are identified as priority areas for further studies that may lead to their becoming NNRs or NSRs. We also provided for the protection of selected wildlife outside the NCA system. We recommended two categories of protected wildlife: those that should be granted full protection, and those that be partially protected to the extent that controlled, licensed taking could be permitted. (The only cetacean species mentioned in this list is the humpback whale, which is tentatively classified as endangered. This is probably due to the lack of information about any other species at that time. Marine sites proposed for protection were selected "ont he basis of their having interesting sublittoral features". Selection was on the basis of biological or scenic characteristics. The authors acknowledge that the survey was limited in its study of marine sites, but believe that their proposals include so many long stretches of coastline that important habitats will be included. Marine areas proposed for first priority in active management (NNRs) include Jazirat Umm al Fayyarin (Musandam), Ras Suwadi, Daymaniyat Islands, Qurm/Fahal, Bandar Jissah, Ras al Hadd, Ras al Junays, Barr al Hikmann, Hasikiyah, Qibliyah, Marbat, Khawr Rawri and Khawr Salalah. Sawda and Hallaniya are propsed as NSR's.