de Vos, A.,Pattiaratchi, C. B.,Wijeratne, E. M. S.
Surface circulation and upwelling patterns around Sri Lanka Journal Article
In: Biogeosciences, vol. 11, no. 85, pp. 5909-5930, 2014, ISBN: 1726-4189.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: currents, Indian Ocean, oceanography, productivity, remote sensing, Sri Lanka
@article{,
title = {Surface circulation and upwelling patterns around Sri Lanka},
author = {de Vos, A.,Pattiaratchi, C. B.,Wijeratne, E. M. S.},
url = {https://www.biogeosciences.net/11/5909/2014/},
issn = {1726-4189},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
volume = {11},
number = {85},
pages = {5909-5930},
publisher = {Copernicus Publications},
abstract = {Sri Lanka occupies a unique location within the equatorial belt in the northern Indian Ocean, with the Arabian Sea on its western side and the Bay of Bengal on its eastern side, and experiences bi-annually reversing monsoon winds. Aggregations of blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) have been observed along the southern coast of Sri Lanka during the northeast (NE) monsoon, when satellite imagery indicates lower productivity in the surface waters. This study explored elements of the dynamics of the surface circulation and coastal upwelling in the waters around Sri Lanka using satellite imagery and numerical simulations using the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS). The model was run for 3 years to examine the seasonal and shorter-term (~10 days) variability. The results reproduced correctly the reversing current system, between the Equator and Sri Lanka, in response to the changing wind field: the eastward flowing Southwest Monsoon Current (SMC) during the southwest (SW) monsoon transporting 11.5 Sv (mean over 2010–2012) and the westward flowing Northeast Monsoon Current (NMC) transporting 9.6 Sv during the NE monsoon, respectively. A recirculation feature located to the east of Sri Lanka during the SW monsoon, the Sri Lanka Dome, is shown to result from the interaction between the SMC and the island of Sri Lanka. Along the eastern and western coasts, during both monsoon periods, flow is southward converging along the southern coast. During the SW monsoon, the island deflects the eastward flowing SMC southward, whilst along the eastern coast, the southward flow results from the Sri Lanka Dome recirculation. The major upwelling region, during both monsoon periods, is located along the southern coast, resulting from southward flow converging along the southern coast and subsequent divergence associated with the offshore transport of water. Higher surface chlorophyll concentrations were observed during the SW monsoon. The location of the flow convergence and hence the upwelling centre was dependent on the relative strengths of wind-driven flow along the eastern and western coasts: during the SW (NE) monsoon, the flow along the western (eastern) coast was stronger, migrating the upwelling centre to the east (west).},
keywords = {currents, Indian Ocean, oceanography, productivity, remote sensing, Sri Lanka},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sri Lanka occupies a unique location within the equatorial belt in the northern Indian Ocean, with the Arabian Sea on its western side and the Bay of Bengal on its eastern side, and experiences bi-annually reversing monsoon winds. Aggregations of blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) have been observed along the southern coast of Sri Lanka during the northeast (NE) monsoon, when satellite imagery indicates lower productivity in the surface waters. This study explored elements of the dynamics of the surface circulation and coastal upwelling in the waters around Sri Lanka using satellite imagery and numerical simulations using the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS). The model was run for 3 years to examine the seasonal and shorter-term (~10 days) variability. The results reproduced correctly the reversing current system, between the Equator and Sri Lanka, in response to the changing wind field: the eastward flowing Southwest Monsoon Current (SMC) during the southwest (SW) monsoon transporting 11.5 Sv (mean over 2010–2012) and the westward flowing Northeast Monsoon Current (NMC) transporting 9.6 Sv during the NE monsoon, respectively. A recirculation feature located to the east of Sri Lanka during the SW monsoon, the Sri Lanka Dome, is shown to result from the interaction between the SMC and the island of Sri Lanka. Along the eastern and western coasts, during both monsoon periods, flow is southward converging along the southern coast. During the SW monsoon, the island deflects the eastward flowing SMC southward, whilst along the eastern coast, the southward flow results from the Sri Lanka Dome recirculation. The major upwelling region, during both monsoon periods, is located along the southern coast, resulting from southward flow converging along the southern coast and subsequent divergence associated with the offshore transport of water. Higher surface chlorophyll concentrations were observed during the SW monsoon. The location of the flow convergence and hence the upwelling centre was dependent on the relative strengths of wind-driven flow along the eastern and western coasts: during the SW (NE) monsoon, the flow along the western (eastern) coast was stronger, migrating the upwelling centre to the east (west).
Roman, Joe,Estes, James A,Morissette, Lyne,Smith, Craig,Costa, Daniel,McCarthy, James,Nation, JB,Nicol, Stephen,Pershing, Andrew,Smetacek, Victor
Whales as marine ecosystem engineers Journal Article
In: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol. 12, no. 448, pp. 377-385, 2014, ISBN: 1540-9309.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: cetaceans, ecosystem, oceanography, prey consumption, whales
@article{,
title = {Whales as marine ecosystem engineers},
author = {Roman, Joe,Estes, James A,Morissette, Lyne,Smith, Craig,Costa, Daniel,McCarthy, James,Nation, JB,Nicol, Stephen,Pershing, Andrew,Smetacek, Victor},
issn = {1540-9309},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
volume = {12},
number = {448},
pages = {377-385},
abstract = {Baleen and sperm whales, known collectively as the great whales, include the largest animals in the history of life
on Earth. With high metabolic demands and large populations, whales probably had a strong influence on
marine ecosystems before the advent of industrial whaling: as consumers of fish and invertebrates; as prey to
other large-bodied predators; as reservoirs of and vertical and horizontal vectors for nutrients; and as detrital
sources of energy and habitat in the deep sea. The decline in great whale numbers, estimated to be at least 66%
and perhaps as high as 90%, has likely altered the structure and function of the oceans, but recovery is possible
and in many cases is already underway. Future changes in the structure and function of the world’s oceans can be
expected with the restoration of great whale populations.},
keywords = {cetaceans, ecosystem, oceanography, prey consumption, whales},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Baleen and sperm whales, known collectively as the great whales, include the largest animals in the history of life
on Earth. With high metabolic demands and large populations, whales probably had a strong influence on
marine ecosystems before the advent of industrial whaling: as consumers of fish and invertebrates; as prey to
other large-bodied predators; as reservoirs of and vertical and horizontal vectors for nutrients; and as detrital
sources of energy and habitat in the deep sea. The decline in great whale numbers, estimated to be at least 66%
and perhaps as high as 90%, has likely altered the structure and function of the oceans, but recovery is possible
and in many cases is already underway. Future changes in the structure and function of the world’s oceans can be
expected with the restoration of great whale populations.
on Earth. With high metabolic demands and large populations, whales probably had a strong influence on
marine ecosystems before the advent of industrial whaling: as consumers of fish and invertebrates; as prey to
other large-bodied predators; as reservoirs of and vertical and horizontal vectors for nutrients; and as detrital
sources of energy and habitat in the deep sea. The decline in great whale numbers, estimated to be at least 66%
and perhaps as high as 90%, has likely altered the structure and function of the oceans, but recovery is possible
and in many cases is already underway. Future changes in the structure and function of the world’s oceans can be
expected with the restoration of great whale populations.
Piontkovski, S. A.,Al Jufaili, S.
Coastal upwellings and Mesoscale Eddies of the Western Arabian Sea: Some Biological Implications Journal Article
In: International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography, vol. 7, no. 430, pp. 93-115, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, Fisheries, Mesopelagic boundary community, oceanography, Oman, prey
@article{,
title = {Coastal upwellings and Mesoscale Eddies of the Western Arabian Sea: Some Biological Implications},
author = {Piontkovski, S. A.,Al Jufaili, S.},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography},
volume = {7},
number = {430},
pages = {93-115},
abstract = {Satellite derived (SeaWIFS, MODIS, TOPEX/Poseidon, and Jason)
chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface heights, sea surface temperature, data
on vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the ARGO drifting floats,
wind speed, the Dipole Mode Index, and historical data on sardine landings
were employed, to analyze physical-biological coupling in the western
Arabian Sea which is known for its vigorous eddy field affecting
characteristics of biological productivity. Summer and winter monsoons
impose different modes of mesoscale variability. In summer, the East Arabian
Current along with the currents of the Arabian Sea interior generates a dense
field of eddies, where as in winter, eddies become less developed and less
numerous. Therefore, the chlorophyll distribution is more heterogeneous
spatially and more variable temporally during summer monsoon. Interannual
changes of eddy field bear footprints of the impact of basin-scale atmospheric
anomaly (the Indian Ocean Dipole). Spatial-temporal characteristics of the
eddy field are valuable tools in understanding seasonal and interannual
fluctuations of sardine landings contributing ~ 50% to the fishery in the
region},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, Fisheries, Mesopelagic boundary community, oceanography, Oman, prey},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Satellite derived (SeaWIFS, MODIS, TOPEX/Poseidon, and Jason)
chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface heights, sea surface temperature, data
on vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the ARGO drifting floats,
wind speed, the Dipole Mode Index, and historical data on sardine landings
were employed, to analyze physical-biological coupling in the western
Arabian Sea which is known for its vigorous eddy field affecting
characteristics of biological productivity. Summer and winter monsoons
impose different modes of mesoscale variability. In summer, the East Arabian
Current along with the currents of the Arabian Sea interior generates a dense
field of eddies, where as in winter, eddies become less developed and less
numerous. Therefore, the chlorophyll distribution is more heterogeneous
spatially and more variable temporally during summer monsoon. Interannual
changes of eddy field bear footprints of the impact of basin-scale atmospheric
anomaly (the Indian Ocean Dipole). Spatial-temporal characteristics of the
eddy field are valuable tools in understanding seasonal and interannual
fluctuations of sardine landings contributing ~ 50% to the fishery in the
region
chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface heights, sea surface temperature, data
on vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the ARGO drifting floats,
wind speed, the Dipole Mode Index, and historical data on sardine landings
were employed, to analyze physical-biological coupling in the western
Arabian Sea which is known for its vigorous eddy field affecting
characteristics of biological productivity. Summer and winter monsoons
impose different modes of mesoscale variability. In summer, the East Arabian
Current along with the currents of the Arabian Sea interior generates a dense
field of eddies, where as in winter, eddies become less developed and less
numerous. Therefore, the chlorophyll distribution is more heterogeneous
spatially and more variable temporally during summer monsoon. Interannual
changes of eddy field bear footprints of the impact of basin-scale atmospheric
anomaly (the Indian Ocean Dipole). Spatial-temporal characteristics of the
eddy field are valuable tools in understanding seasonal and interannual
fluctuations of sardine landings contributing ~ 50% to the fishery in the
region
Piontkovski, Sergey A,Al-Gheilani, Hamed MH,Jupp, Barry P,Al-Azri, Adnan R,Al-Hashmi, Khalid A
Interannual changes in the Sea of Oman ecosystem Journal Article
In: Open Mar Biol J, vol. 6, no. 431, pp. 38-52, 2012.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Gulf of Oman, Harmful Algal Bloom, Hydro-biology, Interannual variability, mass mortality, oceanography, Sea of Oman, Sultanate of Oman, zooplankton
@article{,
title = {Interannual changes in the Sea of Oman ecosystem},
author = {Piontkovski, Sergey A,Al-Gheilani, Hamed MH,Jupp, Barry P,Al-Azri, Adnan R,Al-Hashmi, Khalid A},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Open Mar Biol J},
volume = {6},
number = {431},
pages = {38-52},
abstract = {Historical data were used to estimate interannual tendencies for the Sea of Oman over the past 50 years.
Declining trends were shown for the atmospheric surface level pressure in the region affected by the Siberian High
atmospheric anomaly, the zonal component of wind speed, concentration of nitrates, biomass of diatoms and sardine
landings. Changes in Zooplankton biomass showed no clear trend. These trends were associated with and accompanied by
rising atmospheric temperature, sea surface temperature, annual variability of the kinetic energy of mesoscale eddies,
frequency of fish kills (along with the death of other animals- dolphins, turtles, and sea birds) and harmful algal bloom
incidents. In terms of interannual coupling between physical and biological processes, the evaluated trends imply that the
weakening of the Siberian High atmospheric anomaly results in the decline of the zonal wind speed and a regional
increase of air temperature. This in turn increases the temperature in the mixed layer which strengthens thermo-haline
stratification of the water column. Increasing stratification prevents the penetration of nutrients into the mixed layer and
does not favor the interannual increase of biological productivity, although annual variation of biological productivity has
increased, from 1997 to 2008.},
keywords = {Gulf of Oman, Harmful Algal Bloom, Hydro-biology, Interannual variability, mass mortality, oceanography, Sea of Oman, Sultanate of Oman, zooplankton},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Historical data were used to estimate interannual tendencies for the Sea of Oman over the past 50 years.
Declining trends were shown for the atmospheric surface level pressure in the region affected by the Siberian High
atmospheric anomaly, the zonal component of wind speed, concentration of nitrates, biomass of diatoms and sardine
landings. Changes in Zooplankton biomass showed no clear trend. These trends were associated with and accompanied by
rising atmospheric temperature, sea surface temperature, annual variability of the kinetic energy of mesoscale eddies,
frequency of fish kills (along with the death of other animals- dolphins, turtles, and sea birds) and harmful algal bloom
incidents. In terms of interannual coupling between physical and biological processes, the evaluated trends imply that the
weakening of the Siberian High atmospheric anomaly results in the decline of the zonal wind speed and a regional
increase of air temperature. This in turn increases the temperature in the mixed layer which strengthens thermo-haline
stratification of the water column. Increasing stratification prevents the penetration of nutrients into the mixed layer and
does not favor the interannual increase of biological productivity, although annual variation of biological productivity has
increased, from 1997 to 2008.
Declining trends were shown for the atmospheric surface level pressure in the region affected by the Siberian High
atmospheric anomaly, the zonal component of wind speed, concentration of nitrates, biomass of diatoms and sardine
landings. Changes in Zooplankton biomass showed no clear trend. These trends were associated with and accompanied by
rising atmospheric temperature, sea surface temperature, annual variability of the kinetic energy of mesoscale eddies,
frequency of fish kills (along with the death of other animals- dolphins, turtles, and sea birds) and harmful algal bloom
incidents. In terms of interannual coupling between physical and biological processes, the evaluated trends imply that the
weakening of the Siberian High atmospheric anomaly results in the decline of the zonal wind speed and a regional
increase of air temperature. This in turn increases the temperature in the mixed layer which strengthens thermo-haline
stratification of the water column. Increasing stratification prevents the penetration of nutrients into the mixed layer and
does not favor the interannual increase of biological productivity, although annual variation of biological productivity has
increased, from 1997 to 2008.
Al-Azri, Adnan R,Piontkovski, Sergey A,Al-Hashmi, Khalid A,Goes, Joaquim I,Gomes, Helga do R
Recent outbreaks of harmful algal blooms along the coast of Oman: possible response to climate change? Book
Springer, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, Climate change, Harmful Algal Bloom, Hydro-biology, oceanography, Oman, Sea of Oman
@book{,
title = {Recent outbreaks of harmful algal blooms along the coast of Oman: possible response to climate change?},
author = {Al-Azri, Adnan R,Piontkovski, Sergey A,Al-Hashmi, Khalid A,Goes, Joaquim I,Gomes, Helga do R},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change},
number = {3},
pages = {349-357},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {Observations of phytoplankton communities in the coastal region of Oman indicate
that prominent temporal and spatial variability associated with changes in environmental
conditions is brought about by the reversal of the monsoonal cycle. The close
relationship between environmental conditions and phytoplankton communitystructure suggests that any alterations in the monsoon periodicity or its intensity
could have a large influence on phytoplankton communities, with potentially large
impacts on the fisheries resources of Oman in-turn. In the light of the evidence by
Goes et al. (2005), coastal upwelling along the coasts of Somalia, Oman, and
Yemen is intensifying as a result of climate change; our observations assume
tremendous significance impact of climate change in the coastal water of Oman.
The role of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies in the spatial and temporal abundance
of phytoplankton communities and the changes in dissolved oxygen in the coastal
water of Oman are yet to be investigated.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, Climate change, Harmful Algal Bloom, Hydro-biology, oceanography, Oman, Sea of Oman},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Observations of phytoplankton communities in the coastal region of Oman indicate
that prominent temporal and spatial variability associated with changes in environmental
conditions is brought about by the reversal of the monsoonal cycle. The close
relationship between environmental conditions and phytoplankton communitystructure suggests that any alterations in the monsoon periodicity or its intensity
could have a large influence on phytoplankton communities, with potentially large
impacts on the fisheries resources of Oman in-turn. In the light of the evidence by
Goes et al. (2005), coastal upwelling along the coasts of Somalia, Oman, and
Yemen is intensifying as a result of climate change; our observations assume
tremendous significance impact of climate change in the coastal water of Oman.
The role of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies in the spatial and temporal abundance
of phytoplankton communities and the changes in dissolved oxygen in the coastal
water of Oman are yet to be investigated.
that prominent temporal and spatial variability associated with changes in environmental
conditions is brought about by the reversal of the monsoonal cycle. The close
relationship between environmental conditions and phytoplankton communitystructure suggests that any alterations in the monsoon periodicity or its intensity
could have a large influence on phytoplankton communities, with potentially large
impacts on the fisheries resources of Oman in-turn. In the light of the evidence by
Goes et al. (2005), coastal upwelling along the coasts of Somalia, Oman, and
Yemen is intensifying as a result of climate change; our observations assume
tremendous significance impact of climate change in the coastal water of Oman.
The role of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies in the spatial and temporal abundance
of phytoplankton communities and the changes in dissolved oxygen in the coastal
water of Oman are yet to be investigated.
Pous, SP,Carton, X,Lazure, Pascal
Hydrology and circulation in the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman—Results from the GOGP99 Experiment: 2. Gulf of Oman Journal Article
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 109, no. 199, 2004, ISBN: 2156-2202.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Gulf of Oman, Hydro-biology, oceanography, Sea of Oman, Strait of Hormuz
@article{,
title = {Hydrology and circulation in the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman—Results from the GOGP99 Experiment: 2. Gulf of Oman},
author = {Pous, SP,Carton, X,Lazure, Pascal},
issn = {2156-2202},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
volume = {109},
number = {199},
abstract = {Hydrological, ADCP, and drifting buoy data obtained during the GOGP99
Experiment in October and early November 1999 are analyzed to describe the Persian
Gulf Water (PGW) core and the regional circulation in the Gulf of Oman. The warm and
salty PGW core flows out of the Strait of Hormuz heading southeastward unto (25 200N,
57 E), approximately. From there, it cascades down the continental slope, veers
southwestward, and joins the Omani coast near (24 500N, 56 500E) to form a slope
current. This PGW current has then thermohaline maxima on isopycnal s0 = 26.5, near
220 m depth. Its thermohaline characteristics decrease along its progression to Ra’s al
Hadd (and then offshore into the Arabian Sea) but maintain a sharp contrast with
surrounding waters. Outflow variability at the Strait of Hormuz can be related to
downstream fluctuations of the thermohaline maxima in the PGW core at gulf scale and
over a 2- to 3-week period. Moreover, several mechanisms (baroclinic instability, flow
intermittency, cape effects) are examined to explain the widening of this PGW core
upstream and downstream of Ra’s al Hamra. In the eastern part of the Gulf of Oman, the
regional circulation is a cyclonic gyre. The circulation in the western part of the Gulf is
more complex, with the outflow of PGW and southeastward currents in the upper 250 m
near the Omani coast, and a recirculation of upwelled waters near Ra’s Jagin (on the
Iranian coast). The large cyclonic gyre occupies at least the upper 300 m of the water
column and undergoes little variation over a month. The PGW outflow in the northern
Arabian Sea is southward and located 50–100 km from the coast. It borders a shallower
northward current located offshore.},
keywords = {Gulf of Oman, Hydro-biology, oceanography, Sea of Oman, Strait of Hormuz},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hydrological, ADCP, and drifting buoy data obtained during the GOGP99
Experiment in October and early November 1999 are analyzed to describe the Persian
Gulf Water (PGW) core and the regional circulation in the Gulf of Oman. The warm and
salty PGW core flows out of the Strait of Hormuz heading southeastward unto (25 200N,
57 E), approximately. From there, it cascades down the continental slope, veers
southwestward, and joins the Omani coast near (24 500N, 56 500E) to form a slope
current. This PGW current has then thermohaline maxima on isopycnal s0 = 26.5, near
220 m depth. Its thermohaline characteristics decrease along its progression to Ra’s al
Hadd (and then offshore into the Arabian Sea) but maintain a sharp contrast with
surrounding waters. Outflow variability at the Strait of Hormuz can be related to
downstream fluctuations of the thermohaline maxima in the PGW core at gulf scale and
over a 2- to 3-week period. Moreover, several mechanisms (baroclinic instability, flow
intermittency, cape effects) are examined to explain the widening of this PGW core
upstream and downstream of Ra’s al Hamra. In the eastern part of the Gulf of Oman, the
regional circulation is a cyclonic gyre. The circulation in the western part of the Gulf is
more complex, with the outflow of PGW and southeastward currents in the upper 250 m
near the Omani coast, and a recirculation of upwelled waters near Ra’s Jagin (on the
Iranian coast). The large cyclonic gyre occupies at least the upper 300 m of the water
column and undergoes little variation over a month. The PGW outflow in the northern
Arabian Sea is southward and located 50–100 km from the coast. It borders a shallower
northward current located offshore.
Experiment in October and early November 1999 are analyzed to describe the Persian
Gulf Water (PGW) core and the regional circulation in the Gulf of Oman. The warm and
salty PGW core flows out of the Strait of Hormuz heading southeastward unto (25 200N,
57 E), approximately. From there, it cascades down the continental slope, veers
southwestward, and joins the Omani coast near (24 500N, 56 500E) to form a slope
current. This PGW current has then thermohaline maxima on isopycnal s0 = 26.5, near
220 m depth. Its thermohaline characteristics decrease along its progression to Ra’s al
Hadd (and then offshore into the Arabian Sea) but maintain a sharp contrast with
surrounding waters. Outflow variability at the Strait of Hormuz can be related to
downstream fluctuations of the thermohaline maxima in the PGW core at gulf scale and
over a 2- to 3-week period. Moreover, several mechanisms (baroclinic instability, flow
intermittency, cape effects) are examined to explain the widening of this PGW core
upstream and downstream of Ra’s al Hamra. In the eastern part of the Gulf of Oman, the
regional circulation is a cyclonic gyre. The circulation in the western part of the Gulf is
more complex, with the outflow of PGW and southeastward currents in the upper 250 m
near the Omani coast, and a recirculation of upwelled waters near Ra’s Jagin (on the
Iranian coast). The large cyclonic gyre occupies at least the upper 300 m of the water
column and undergoes little variation over a month. The PGW outflow in the northern
Arabian Sea is southward and located 50–100 km from the coast. It borders a shallower
northward current located offshore.
Pous, SP,Carton, Xavier,Lazure, Pascal
Hydrology and circulation in the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman—Results from the GOGP99 Experiment: 1. Strait of Hormuz Journal Article
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 109, no. 437, 2004, ISBN: 2156-2202.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Gulf, hydrology, Musandam, oceanography, Oman, Sea of Oman, Strait of Hormuz
@article{,
title = {Hydrology and circulation in the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman—Results from the GOGP99 Experiment: 1. Strait of Hormuz},
author = {Pous, SP,Carton, Xavier,Lazure, Pascal},
issn = {2156-2202},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
volume = {109},
number = {437},
abstract = {In October and early November 1999, the GOGP99 experiment collected hydrological,
currentmeter, tide recorder, thermistor and drifting buoy data near the Strait of Hormuz. Data
analysis provides the water mass structure in the Strait: Persian Gulf Water (PGW) core is
banked against the Omani coast, while Indian Ocean Surface Water (IOSW) lies near the
Iranian coast. These water masses are most often covered by a homogeneous surface layer.
Thermohaline characteristics of the PGW core decrease substantially downstream, from the
Persian/Arabian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman. PGWand IOSW thermohaline characteristics
and distribution also exhibit notable changes at periods shorter than a month as shown by
repeated hydrological sections. The tidal signal measured south of the Strait by moored
ADCP and thermistor chains has predominant semi-diurnal M2 and S2 and diurnal K1
components and possesses a complex vertical structure. Tidal intensification near the surface
pycnocline is associated with noticeable internal waves. At subtidal timescale, mooring
recordings confirm the water mass variability observed in the repeated hydrological sections.
The mixed layer also deepens substantially during the 1-month period. Finally, trajectories of
surface buoys drogued at 15 m exhibit reversals over periods characteristic of changes in
wind direction},
keywords = {Arabian Gulf, hydrology, Musandam, oceanography, Oman, Sea of Oman, Strait of Hormuz},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In October and early November 1999, the GOGP99 experiment collected hydrological,
currentmeter, tide recorder, thermistor and drifting buoy data near the Strait of Hormuz. Data
analysis provides the water mass structure in the Strait: Persian Gulf Water (PGW) core is
banked against the Omani coast, while Indian Ocean Surface Water (IOSW) lies near the
Iranian coast. These water masses are most often covered by a homogeneous surface layer.
Thermohaline characteristics of the PGW core decrease substantially downstream, from the
Persian/Arabian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman. PGWand IOSW thermohaline characteristics
and distribution also exhibit notable changes at periods shorter than a month as shown by
repeated hydrological sections. The tidal signal measured south of the Strait by moored
ADCP and thermistor chains has predominant semi-diurnal M2 and S2 and diurnal K1
components and possesses a complex vertical structure. Tidal intensification near the surface
pycnocline is associated with noticeable internal waves. At subtidal timescale, mooring
recordings confirm the water mass variability observed in the repeated hydrological sections.
The mixed layer also deepens substantially during the 1-month period. Finally, trajectories of
surface buoys drogued at 15 m exhibit reversals over periods characteristic of changes in
wind direction
currentmeter, tide recorder, thermistor and drifting buoy data near the Strait of Hormuz. Data
analysis provides the water mass structure in the Strait: Persian Gulf Water (PGW) core is
banked against the Omani coast, while Indian Ocean Surface Water (IOSW) lies near the
Iranian coast. These water masses are most often covered by a homogeneous surface layer.
Thermohaline characteristics of the PGW core decrease substantially downstream, from the
Persian/Arabian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman. PGWand IOSW thermohaline characteristics
and distribution also exhibit notable changes at periods shorter than a month as shown by
repeated hydrological sections. The tidal signal measured south of the Strait by moored
ADCP and thermistor chains has predominant semi-diurnal M2 and S2 and diurnal K1
components and possesses a complex vertical structure. Tidal intensification near the surface
pycnocline is associated with noticeable internal waves. At subtidal timescale, mooring
recordings confirm the water mass variability observed in the repeated hydrological sections.
The mixed layer also deepens substantially during the 1-month period. Finally, trajectories of
surface buoys drogued at 15 m exhibit reversals over periods characteristic of changes in
wind direction
Sarma, VVSS
An evaluation of physical and biogeochemical processes regulating perennial suboxic conditions in the water column of the Arabian Sea Journal Article
In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol. 16, no. 220, 2002, ISBN: 1944-9224.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, oceanography, suboxic
@article{,
title = {An evaluation of physical and biogeochemical processes regulating perennial suboxic conditions in the water column of the Arabian Sea},
author = {Sarma, VVSS},
issn = {1944-9224},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
volume = {16},
number = {220},
abstract = {Monthly oxygen budgets for the subsurface Arabian Sea (100–1000 m) are
constructed on the basis of Modular Ocean Model and recently collected oxygen data.
The model results are in agreement with the observed pattern. The model results revealed
that oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the Arabian Sea is regulated largely by physical
processes in association with biogeochemical cycling of oxygen. This results in perennial
suboxic conditions in the water column with no significant seasonal variability.
Maintenance of OMZ during nonmonsoon seasons, when oligotrophic conditions prevail
in surface layers, occurs through low supply of oxygen by physical pump aided by
continued oxygen consumption in the oxidation of organic matter produced during
monsoons. On the other hand, formation of anoxic conditions during monsoons, when
higher sinking fluxes of carbon occur, is prevented by higher flux of oxygen by the
physical pump. Hence, suboxic conditions in the Arabian Sea are maintained by physical
pump with moderation from monsoonal biological pump. The residence time of the
Arabian Sea intermediate waters (100–1000 m) was computed to be 6.5 years with rapid
replacement during monsoons. The oxygen consumption rates are also high during
monsoons compared with nonmonsoon seasons. The carbon regeneration rates computed
based on the water mass-mixing model, bacterial carbon demand, and electron transport
system activity in the subsurface layers are in agreement with oxygen consumption rates
estimated based on this model.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, oceanography, suboxic},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Monthly oxygen budgets for the subsurface Arabian Sea (100–1000 m) are
constructed on the basis of Modular Ocean Model and recently collected oxygen data.
The model results are in agreement with the observed pattern. The model results revealed
that oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the Arabian Sea is regulated largely by physical
processes in association with biogeochemical cycling of oxygen. This results in perennial
suboxic conditions in the water column with no significant seasonal variability.
Maintenance of OMZ during nonmonsoon seasons, when oligotrophic conditions prevail
in surface layers, occurs through low supply of oxygen by physical pump aided by
continued oxygen consumption in the oxidation of organic matter produced during
monsoons. On the other hand, formation of anoxic conditions during monsoons, when
higher sinking fluxes of carbon occur, is prevented by higher flux of oxygen by the
physical pump. Hence, suboxic conditions in the Arabian Sea are maintained by physical
pump with moderation from monsoonal biological pump. The residence time of the
Arabian Sea intermediate waters (100–1000 m) was computed to be 6.5 years with rapid
replacement during monsoons. The oxygen consumption rates are also high during
monsoons compared with nonmonsoon seasons. The carbon regeneration rates computed
based on the water mass-mixing model, bacterial carbon demand, and electron transport
system activity in the subsurface layers are in agreement with oxygen consumption rates
estimated based on this model.
constructed on the basis of Modular Ocean Model and recently collected oxygen data.
The model results are in agreement with the observed pattern. The model results revealed
that oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the Arabian Sea is regulated largely by physical
processes in association with biogeochemical cycling of oxygen. This results in perennial
suboxic conditions in the water column with no significant seasonal variability.
Maintenance of OMZ during nonmonsoon seasons, when oligotrophic conditions prevail
in surface layers, occurs through low supply of oxygen by physical pump aided by
continued oxygen consumption in the oxidation of organic matter produced during
monsoons. On the other hand, formation of anoxic conditions during monsoons, when
higher sinking fluxes of carbon occur, is prevented by higher flux of oxygen by the
physical pump. Hence, suboxic conditions in the Arabian Sea are maintained by physical
pump with moderation from monsoonal biological pump. The residence time of the
Arabian Sea intermediate waters (100–1000 m) was computed to be 6.5 years with rapid
replacement during monsoons. The oxygen consumption rates are also high during
monsoons compared with nonmonsoon seasons. The carbon regeneration rates computed
based on the water mass-mixing model, bacterial carbon demand, and electron transport
system activity in the subsurface layers are in agreement with oxygen consumption rates
estimated based on this model.
Marine Science; Fisheries Center,Oman
Ecological studies in the Coastal waters of Oman and selecting of sites for aquaculture: Progress Report no:2 Technical Report
no. 401, 2001.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Hydro-biology, oceanography, Oman, plankton, salinity, temperature, zooplankton
@techreport{,
title = {Ecological studies in the Coastal waters of Oman and selecting of sites for aquaculture: Progress Report no:2},
author = {Marine Science and Fisheries Center,Oman},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
number = {401},
pages = {1-81},
publisher = {Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Directorate General of Fisheries Resources, Marine Science and Fisheries Centre, Marine Ecology Laboratory},
abstract = {The report is divided into two sections: the first outlines the preliminary results of data collected in transects in 21 different sites along the coast - including temperature, salinity, dissolved 02, hydrogen ion concentration, phytoplankton production and zooplankton production. The second section includes an initial assessment of potential sites for aquaculture, including Duqm, Masirah, Quriyat, Barr al Hikmann, Likbi, Sharbitat, Mirbat, Tiwi, Khawr Jarama, and Shinas},
keywords = {Hydro-biology, oceanography, Oman, plankton, salinity, temperature, zooplankton},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The report is divided into two sections: the first outlines the preliminary results of data collected in transects in 21 different sites along the coast - including temperature, salinity, dissolved 02, hydrogen ion concentration, phytoplankton production and zooplankton production. The second section includes an initial assessment of potential sites for aquaculture, including Duqm, Masirah, Quriyat, Barr al Hikmann, Likbi, Sharbitat, Mirbat, Tiwi, Khawr Jarama, and Shinas
Marine Science; Fisheries Center Oman
Ecological studies in the Coastal waters of Oman and selecting of sites for aquaculture: Progress Report no:2 Technical Report
no. 423, 2001.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Hydro-biology, oceanography, Oman, plankton, salinity, zooplankton
@techreport{,
title = {Ecological studies in the Coastal waters of Oman and selecting of sites for aquaculture: Progress Report no:2},
author = {Marine Science and Fisheries Center Oman},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
number = {423},
pages = {1-81},
publisher = {Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Directorate General of Fisheries Resources, Marine Science and Fisheries Centre, Marine Ecology Laboratory},
abstract = {The report is divided into two sections: the first outlines the preliminary results of data collected in transects in 21 different sites along the coast - including temperature, salinity, dissolved 02, hydrogen ion concentration, phytoplankton production and zooplankton production. The second section includes an initial assessment of potential sites for aquaculture, including Duqm, Masirah, Quriyat, Barr al Hikmann, Likbi, Sharbitat, Mirbat, Tiwi, Khawr Jarama, and Shinas},
keywords = {Hydro-biology, oceanography, Oman, plankton, salinity, zooplankton},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The report is divided into two sections: the first outlines the preliminary results of data collected in transects in 21 different sites along the coast - including temperature, salinity, dissolved 02, hydrogen ion concentration, phytoplankton production and zooplankton production. The second section includes an initial assessment of potential sites for aquaculture, including Duqm, Masirah, Quriyat, Barr al Hikmann, Likbi, Sharbitat, Mirbat, Tiwi, Khawr Jarama, and Shinas
Shi, W,Morrison, John M,Böhm, Emanuele,Manghnani, Vijayakumar
The Oman upwelling zone during 1993, 1994 and 1995 Journal Article
In: Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, vol. 47, no. 472, pp. 1227-1247, 2000, ISBN: 0967-0645.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, Hydro-biology, Interannual variability, oceanography, Oman, sea surface temperature, seasonal variation, Sultanate of Oman, Upwelling
@article{,
title = {The Oman upwelling zone during 1993, 1994 and 1995},
author = {Shi, W,Morrison, John M,Böhm, Emanuele,Manghnani, Vijayakumar},
issn = {0967-0645},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography},
volume = {47},
number = {472},
pages = {1227-1247},
abstract = {Satellite-derived sea-surface temperature, TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) sea-level anomalies
(SLAs), model wind data, and hydrographic data are used to characterize the upwelling along
the Oman coast during the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (US JGOFS) Arabian Sea
Process Study (ASPS) in 1995 as well as to look at interannual variability in the upwelling over
the period 1993}1995.
Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the satellite-derived sea-surface temperature
(SST) at the locations of the US JGOFS standard stations shows the "rst mode, which
represents a biannual variability, contributes 67% of the total variance. In addition, the SST
shows the upwelling `fronta moving o!shore with the development of Southwest (SW) Monsoon
in early June 1995, reaching a maximum distance of approximately 120 km by late August
1995. Finally, SST shows the persistence of cold upwelling waters for nearly a month after the
end of the SW Monsoon within the bays along the Oman coast.
TOPEX/POSEIDON SLAs indicate that with the onset of the SW Monsoon, a 30-cm drop
in steric height is observed along the Oman coast associated the presence of the cool upwelled
waters. This drop in steric height sets up a horizontal pressure gradient and results in
a compensating along-shore, northeastward-#owing, geostrophic current (East Arabian
Current; EAC) during the SW Monsoon. Similarly, the altimeter data slow an o!shore decrease
in steric height during the Northeast (NE) Monsoon, indicating a seasonal reversal in direction
of the EAC with #ow to the southwest. Subsurface temperature data indicate that the actual
uplifting of isotherms associated with the upwelling can be found to a distance of approximately
260 km from the shore and to a depth of 150}200 m. Using along-track altimetry data, we
estimate that, for a region 260 km in o!shore distance and 600 km alongshore, 2.2]106,
1.4]106 and 0.55]106 m3 s~1 were upwelled through the 100 m level with upwelling velocities
O (2.0]10~5 m s~1), during the SW Monsoons of 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively. The
reduced upwelling in the summer of 1995 is attributed to a reduction in wind-stress curl along
the Arabian coast when compared to 1993 and 1994. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, Hydro-biology, Interannual variability, oceanography, Oman, sea surface temperature, seasonal variation, Sultanate of Oman, Upwelling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Satellite-derived sea-surface temperature, TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) sea-level anomalies
(SLAs), model wind data, and hydrographic data are used to characterize the upwelling along
the Oman coast during the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (US JGOFS) Arabian Sea
Process Study (ASPS) in 1995 as well as to look at interannual variability in the upwelling over
the period 1993}1995.
Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the satellite-derived sea-surface temperature
(SST) at the locations of the US JGOFS standard stations shows the "rst mode, which
represents a biannual variability, contributes 67% of the total variance. In addition, the SST
shows the upwelling `fronta moving o!shore with the development of Southwest (SW) Monsoon
in early June 1995, reaching a maximum distance of approximately 120 km by late August
1995. Finally, SST shows the persistence of cold upwelling waters for nearly a month after the
end of the SW Monsoon within the bays along the Oman coast.
TOPEX/POSEIDON SLAs indicate that with the onset of the SW Monsoon, a 30-cm drop
in steric height is observed along the Oman coast associated the presence of the cool upwelled
waters. This drop in steric height sets up a horizontal pressure gradient and results in
a compensating along-shore, northeastward-#owing, geostrophic current (East Arabian
Current; EAC) during the SW Monsoon. Similarly, the altimeter data slow an o!shore decrease
in steric height during the Northeast (NE) Monsoon, indicating a seasonal reversal in direction
of the EAC with #ow to the southwest. Subsurface temperature data indicate that the actual
uplifting of isotherms associated with the upwelling can be found to a distance of approximately
260 km from the shore and to a depth of 150}200 m. Using along-track altimetry data, we
estimate that, for a region 260 km in o!shore distance and 600 km alongshore, 2.2]106,
1.4]106 and 0.55]106 m3 s~1 were upwelled through the 100 m level with upwelling velocities
O (2.0]10~5 m s~1), during the SW Monsoons of 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively. The
reduced upwelling in the summer of 1995 is attributed to a reduction in wind-stress curl along
the Arabian coast when compared to 1993 and 1994. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
(SLAs), model wind data, and hydrographic data are used to characterize the upwelling along
the Oman coast during the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (US JGOFS) Arabian Sea
Process Study (ASPS) in 1995 as well as to look at interannual variability in the upwelling over
the period 1993}1995.
Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the satellite-derived sea-surface temperature
(SST) at the locations of the US JGOFS standard stations shows the "rst mode, which
represents a biannual variability, contributes 67% of the total variance. In addition, the SST
shows the upwelling `fronta moving o!shore with the development of Southwest (SW) Monsoon
in early June 1995, reaching a maximum distance of approximately 120 km by late August
1995. Finally, SST shows the persistence of cold upwelling waters for nearly a month after the
end of the SW Monsoon within the bays along the Oman coast.
TOPEX/POSEIDON SLAs indicate that with the onset of the SW Monsoon, a 30-cm drop
in steric height is observed along the Oman coast associated the presence of the cool upwelled
waters. This drop in steric height sets up a horizontal pressure gradient and results in
a compensating along-shore, northeastward-#owing, geostrophic current (East Arabian
Current; EAC) during the SW Monsoon. Similarly, the altimeter data slow an o!shore decrease
in steric height during the Northeast (NE) Monsoon, indicating a seasonal reversal in direction
of the EAC with #ow to the southwest. Subsurface temperature data indicate that the actual
uplifting of isotherms associated with the upwelling can be found to a distance of approximately
260 km from the shore and to a depth of 150}200 m. Using along-track altimetry data, we
estimate that, for a region 260 km in o!shore distance and 600 km alongshore, 2.2]106,
1.4]106 and 0.55]106 m3 s~1 were upwelled through the 100 m level with upwelling velocities
O (2.0]10~5 m s~1), during the SW Monsoons of 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively. The
reduced upwelling in the summer of 1995 is attributed to a reduction in wind-stress curl along
the Arabian coast when compared to 1993 and 1994. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Wilson,S.C.
Northwest Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman Book
Pergamon, Elsevier Science, 2000, ISBN: Gianna's files.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, conservation, coral, enforcement, Fisheries, Indian Ocean, oceanography, Oman
@book{,
title = {Northwest Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman},
author = {Wilson,S.C.},
issn = {Gianna's files},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Seas at the Millennium: an Environmental Evaluation: Volume II Regional Chapters: The Indian Ocean to the Pacific},
number = {509},
pages = {17-33},
publisher = {Pergamon, Elsevier Science},
abstract = {The chapter provides a summary of marine and coastal habitats in and bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. General oceanographic/hydrographic features are discussed, with emphasis on the influence of the seasonal monsoons. Industrial, agricultural and social developments likely to affect coastal and marine areas are discussed, with particular attention to fisheries development and the problem of bycatch and overfishing. The region is characterized by few marine protected areas, and poor enforcement of those conservation measures that have been implemented.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, conservation, coral, enforcement, Fisheries, Indian Ocean, oceanography, Oman},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The chapter provides a summary of marine and coastal habitats in and bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. General oceanographic/hydrographic features are discussed, with emphasis on the influence of the seasonal monsoons. Industrial, agricultural and social developments likely to affect coastal and marine areas are discussed, with particular attention to fisheries development and the problem of bycatch and overfishing. The region is characterized by few marine protected areas, and poor enforcement of those conservation measures that have been implemented.
Wilson,S.C.,Klaus,R.
The Gulf of Aden Book
Pergamon, Elsevier Science, 2000.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, conservation, coral, dolphin, dolphins, East Africa, enforcement, Fisheries, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, management, marine, mortality, oceanography, Oman, pollution, productivity, Red Sea, turtles
@book{,
title = {The Gulf of Aden},
author = {Wilson,S.C.,Klaus,R.},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
journal = {Seas at the Millennium: an Environmental Evaluation: Volume II Regional Chapters: The Indian Ocean to the Pacific},
number = {510},
pages = {47-61},
publisher = {Pergamon, Elsevier Science},
abstract = {The Gulf of Aden lies between southern Arabia and the Horn of Africa and connects with the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. The Socotra Archipelago lies at its entrance, off the Horn of Africa. The largest influence comes from the reversing monsoon system with strong and persistent winds that blow from the southwest in summer, and from the northeast in winter. These also cause a reversal in the direction of surface currents. Associated with the summer monsoon are upwelling areas along the eastern coast of Yemen, and one centred on the Somali coast southwest of Socotra. Both have a profound effect on coastal habitats and stimulate high marine productivity which supports a rich fishery. Marine biodiversity is relatively high since the area is a transition zone between the Red Sea, Southern Arabia and East Africa. Terrestrial diversity, particularly in the flora of Socotra, is also elevated by high levels of endemism. Coasts are mainly exposed sandy beaches separated by rocky headlands. Coral communities and reefs have developed most notably in Djibouti and offshore islands of Somalia. Seagrasses are relatively uncommon, and mangrove stands are most abundant to the west and southwest. A striking feature of rocky shores is the abundant macroalgae that appears following the onset of the Southwest Monsoon in particular. Green turtles nest in tens of thousands, and thousands of dolphins have also recently been observed. Perhaps the most serious single threat to sustainable use of marine resources comes from overfishing, particularly by industrial fleets that operate with or without licenses. Some stocks have collapsed or are showing signs of strain, including cuttlefish, shark and lobster. Wildlife species are also harvested and incidental mortality appears high. Levels of pollution are low except around larger towns where sewage and solid wastes are starting to affect resources. Chronic oil pollution originating from tankers is also cause for concern, but levels appear to be low. Harsh environmental conditions and lack of infrastructure limits exploitation of coastal resources and traditional methods of limiting exploitation are still effective. Political instability and unrest, and lack of funding have hampered coastal management, though a strategic action plan for the conservation and protection of the marine environment has recently been prepared by PERSGA as a crucial first step. There are only two small marine parks in the region, both in Djibouti.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, conservation, coral, dolphin, dolphins, East Africa, enforcement, Fisheries, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, management, marine, mortality, oceanography, Oman, pollution, productivity, Red Sea, turtles},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The Gulf of Aden lies between southern Arabia and the Horn of Africa and connects with the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. The Socotra Archipelago lies at its entrance, off the Horn of Africa. The largest influence comes from the reversing monsoon system with strong and persistent winds that blow from the southwest in summer, and from the northeast in winter. These also cause a reversal in the direction of surface currents. Associated with the summer monsoon are upwelling areas along the eastern coast of Yemen, and one centred on the Somali coast southwest of Socotra. Both have a profound effect on coastal habitats and stimulate high marine productivity which supports a rich fishery. Marine biodiversity is relatively high since the area is a transition zone between the Red Sea, Southern Arabia and East Africa. Terrestrial diversity, particularly in the flora of Socotra, is also elevated by high levels of endemism. Coasts are mainly exposed sandy beaches separated by rocky headlands. Coral communities and reefs have developed most notably in Djibouti and offshore islands of Somalia. Seagrasses are relatively uncommon, and mangrove stands are most abundant to the west and southwest. A striking feature of rocky shores is the abundant macroalgae that appears following the onset of the Southwest Monsoon in particular. Green turtles nest in tens of thousands, and thousands of dolphins have also recently been observed. Perhaps the most serious single threat to sustainable use of marine resources comes from overfishing, particularly by industrial fleets that operate with or without licenses. Some stocks have collapsed or are showing signs of strain, including cuttlefish, shark and lobster. Wildlife species are also harvested and incidental mortality appears high. Levels of pollution are low except around larger towns where sewage and solid wastes are starting to affect resources. Chronic oil pollution originating from tankers is also cause for concern, but levels appear to be low. Harsh environmental conditions and lack of infrastructure limits exploitation of coastal resources and traditional methods of limiting exploitation are still effective. Political instability and unrest, and lack of funding have hampered coastal management, though a strategic action plan for the conservation and protection of the marine environment has recently been prepared by PERSGA as a crucial first step. There are only two small marine parks in the region, both in Djibouti.
Burkill,P.H.
Arabesque: An overview Journal Article
In: Deep-Sea Research Part II, vol. 46, no. 340, pp. 529-547, 1999.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, length, Oceanic, oceanography, Oman, Upwelling
@article{,
title = {Arabesque: An overview},
author = {Burkill,P.H.},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},
volume = {46},
number = {340},
pages = {529-547},
abstract = {This special issue reports the results of ARABESQUE, a UK-led, international programme of upper-ocean biogeochemistry in the Arabian Sea region, conducted during two contrasting seasons. The seasons studied here were the waning of the southwest monsoon in August/September and the intermonsoon-northeast monsoon transition in November/December 1994. Biogeochemical studies were carried out along three transects in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. the main ARABESQUE transect, 1590km in length, lay orthagonal to the southern Oman coast and spanned a range of conditions that encompassed coastal seasonal upwelling through to oceanic aseasonal oligotrophy of the central Arabian Sea. Surface mixed-layer hydrography, PAR, wind speed and direction fields and research results obtained during two seasonal studies are summarised in this paper which also serves and an introductory overview to ARABESQUE.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, length, Oceanic, oceanography, Oman, Upwelling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This special issue reports the results of ARABESQUE, a UK-led, international programme of upper-ocean biogeochemistry in the Arabian Sea region, conducted during two contrasting seasons. The seasons studied here were the waning of the southwest monsoon in August/September and the intermonsoon-northeast monsoon transition in November/December 1994. Biogeochemical studies were carried out along three transects in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. the main ARABESQUE transect, 1590km in length, lay orthagonal to the southern Oman coast and spanned a range of conditions that encompassed coastal seasonal upwelling through to oceanic aseasonal oligotrophy of the central Arabian Sea. Surface mixed-layer hydrography, PAR, wind speed and direction fields and research results obtained during two seasonal studies are summarised in this paper which also serves and an introductory overview to ARABESQUE.
Matsuyama, Masaji,Kitade, Yujiro,Senjyu, Tomoharu,Koike, Yoshio,Ishimaru, Takashi
Vertical structure of a current and density front in the Strait of Hormuz Journal Article
In: Offshore Environments of the ROPME after the War related Oil-Spill, no. 402, pp. 23-34, 1998.
BibTeX | Tags: currents, Musandam, oceanography, Sea of Oman, Strait of Hormuz, Sultanate of Oman
@article{,
title = {Vertical structure of a current and density front in the Strait of Hormuz},
author = {Matsuyama, Masaji,Kitade, Yujiro,Senjyu, Tomoharu,Koike, Yoshio,Ishimaru, Takashi},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Offshore Environments of the ROPME after the War related Oil-Spill},
number = {402},
pages = {23-34},
keywords = {currents, Musandam, oceanography, Sea of Oman, Strait of Hormuz, Sultanate of Oman},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sheppard,C.R.C.,Dixon,D.J.
Seas of the Arabian Region: Coastal Segment Book
John Wiley & Sons. Inc., 1998, ISBN: 0-471-11545-2.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Gulf, Arabian region, Arabian Sea, oceanography
@book{,
title = {Seas of the Arabian Region: Coastal Segment},
author = {Sheppard,C.R.C.,Dixon,D.J.},
issn = {0-471-11545-2},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {The Sea, Volume 11},
number = {224},
pages = {915-931},
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons. Inc.},
abstract = {The chapter provides an overview of atmospheric cycles, currents, tidal patterns, oxygen, nutrients and pelagic production in the "seven seas" of the Arabian Region.},
keywords = {Arabian Gulf, Arabian region, Arabian Sea, oceanography},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
The chapter provides an overview of atmospheric cycles, currents, tidal patterns, oxygen, nutrients and pelagic production in the "seven seas" of the Arabian Region.
Banse, K.
Irregular flow of Persian (Arabian) Gulf water to the Arabian Sea. Journal Article
In: Journal of Marine Research, vol. 55, no. 37, pp. 1049-1067, 1997.
BibTeX | Tags: oceanography, Persian Gulf
@article{,
title = {Irregular flow of Persian (Arabian) Gulf water to the Arabian Sea.},
author = {Banse, K.},
year = {1997},
date = {1997-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
volume = {55},
number = {37},
pages = {1049-1067},
keywords = {oceanography, Persian Gulf},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Thangaraja,M.
Hydro-Biology off Oman Technical Report
no. 484, 1995.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Fisheries, Hydro-biology, oceanography, Oman, salinity, zooplankton
@techreport{,
title = {Hydro-Biology off Oman},
author = {Thangaraja,M.},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {MSFC Research Report},
volume = {95-1},
number = {484},
pages = {1-151},
publisher = {Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Directorate General of Fisheries Resources, Marine Science and Fisheries Centre, Marine Ecology Section},
abstract = {The report gives information on the temperature, salinity, Dissolved oxygen, phytoplankton production, zooplankton production and fish production for each of the 8 fisheries areas in Oman. It then discusses the results of time series studies (hydrography, phytoplankton, zooplankton) in Musandam, Muscat and Dhofar.},
keywords = {Fisheries, Hydro-biology, oceanography, Oman, salinity, zooplankton},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The report gives information on the temperature, salinity, Dissolved oxygen, phytoplankton production, zooplankton production and fish production for each of the 8 fisheries areas in Oman. It then discusses the results of time series studies (hydrography, phytoplankton, zooplankton) in Musandam, Muscat and Dhofar.
Bruce, John G,Johnson, Donald R,Kindle, John C
Evidence for eddy formation in the eastern Arabian Sea during the northeast monsoon Journal Article
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 99, no. 59, pp. 7651-7664, 1994, ISBN: 2156-2202.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, Eddy, India, Laccadive Islands, monsoon, oceanography
@article{,
title = {Evidence for eddy formation in the eastern Arabian Sea during the northeast monsoon},
author = {Bruce, John G,Johnson, Donald R,Kindle, John C},
issn = {2156-2202},
year = {1994},
date = {1994-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
volume = {99},
number = {59},
pages = {7651-7664},
abstract = {The seasonal formation of a large (500-800 km diameter) anticyclonic eddy
in the upper 300-400 rn of the eastern Arabian Sea during the northeast monsoon
period (December-April) is indicated from hydrographic and satellite altimetry sea level
observations, as well as from numerical model experiments. The center of the eddy
circulation is approximately 10øN, 70øE, just to the west of the north-south Laccadive
Island chain. In this paper the eddy is called the Laccadive High (LH). In some ways
it is a mirrorlike counterpart to the Great Whirl, which develops during the southwest
monsoon off the Somali coast (western Arabian Sea). The LH occurs at the same
latitude but on the opposite side of the basin during the reversed monsoon. It is
different from the Great Whirl, however, in its formation process, its intensity, and its
decay. The hydrographic data obtained from surveys all during a single season give
sufficiently close station spacing to allow reasonable contouring of the geopotential
surfaces and of the properties within and around the LH region with minimum time
aliasing. The Geosat altimeter record extends over 4 years, during which the seasonal
variability of the LH indicates a dynamic relief of approximately 15-20 cm, which is in
good agreement with the hydrographic observations. The altimetry time series also
suggests a westward translation of the LH by January with a subsequent dissipation in
midbasin. The model used is a wind-forced three-layer primitive equation model which
depicts a LH in agreement with the timing, position, and amplitude of both the
hydrographic and altimetric measurements. The numerical simulation includes a
passive tracer located in the western Bay of Bengal; the western advection of the
tracer around the south coasts of Sri Lanka and India in December and January is
consistent with the appearance of low-salinity water observed to extend into the
Arabian Sea during this period. The modeling studies suggest that both local and
remote forcing are important in formation of the LH.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, Eddy, India, Laccadive Islands, monsoon, oceanography},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The seasonal formation of a large (500-800 km diameter) anticyclonic eddy
in the upper 300-400 rn of the eastern Arabian Sea during the northeast monsoon
period (December-April) is indicated from hydrographic and satellite altimetry sea level
observations, as well as from numerical model experiments. The center of the eddy
circulation is approximately 10øN, 70øE, just to the west of the north-south Laccadive
Island chain. In this paper the eddy is called the Laccadive High (LH). In some ways
it is a mirrorlike counterpart to the Great Whirl, which develops during the southwest
monsoon off the Somali coast (western Arabian Sea). The LH occurs at the same
latitude but on the opposite side of the basin during the reversed monsoon. It is
different from the Great Whirl, however, in its formation process, its intensity, and its
decay. The hydrographic data obtained from surveys all during a single season give
sufficiently close station spacing to allow reasonable contouring of the geopotential
surfaces and of the properties within and around the LH region with minimum time
aliasing. The Geosat altimeter record extends over 4 years, during which the seasonal
variability of the LH indicates a dynamic relief of approximately 15-20 cm, which is in
good agreement with the hydrographic observations. The altimetry time series also
suggests a westward translation of the LH by January with a subsequent dissipation in
midbasin. The model used is a wind-forced three-layer primitive equation model which
depicts a LH in agreement with the timing, position, and amplitude of both the
hydrographic and altimetric measurements. The numerical simulation includes a
passive tracer located in the western Bay of Bengal; the western advection of the
tracer around the south coasts of Sri Lanka and India in December and January is
consistent with the appearance of low-salinity water observed to extend into the
Arabian Sea during this period. The modeling studies suggest that both local and
remote forcing are important in formation of the LH.
in the upper 300-400 rn of the eastern Arabian Sea during the northeast monsoon
period (December-April) is indicated from hydrographic and satellite altimetry sea level
observations, as well as from numerical model experiments. The center of the eddy
circulation is approximately 10øN, 70øE, just to the west of the north-south Laccadive
Island chain. In this paper the eddy is called the Laccadive High (LH). In some ways
it is a mirrorlike counterpart to the Great Whirl, which develops during the southwest
monsoon off the Somali coast (western Arabian Sea). The LH occurs at the same
latitude but on the opposite side of the basin during the reversed monsoon. It is
different from the Great Whirl, however, in its formation process, its intensity, and its
decay. The hydrographic data obtained from surveys all during a single season give
sufficiently close station spacing to allow reasonable contouring of the geopotential
surfaces and of the properties within and around the LH region with minimum time
aliasing. The Geosat altimeter record extends over 4 years, during which the seasonal
variability of the LH indicates a dynamic relief of approximately 15-20 cm, which is in
good agreement with the hydrographic observations. The altimetry time series also
suggests a westward translation of the LH by January with a subsequent dissipation in
midbasin. The model used is a wind-forced three-layer primitive equation model which
depicts a LH in agreement with the timing, position, and amplitude of both the
hydrographic and altimetric measurements. The numerical simulation includes a
passive tracer located in the western Bay of Bengal; the western advection of the
tracer around the south coasts of Sri Lanka and India in December and January is
consistent with the appearance of low-salinity water observed to extend into the
Arabian Sea during this period. The modeling studies suggest that both local and
remote forcing are important in formation of the LH.
Reynolds, M.
Physical oceanography of the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and the Gulf of Oman: results from the Mt. Mitchell Expedition Journal Article
In: Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 27, no. 444, pp. 35-59, 1993.
BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, Iran, oceanography, Oman Sea, Persian Gulf
@article{,
title = {Physical oceanography of the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and the Gulf of Oman: results from the Mt. Mitchell Expedition},
author = {Reynolds, M.},
year = {1993},
date = {1993-01-01},
journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},
volume = {27},
number = {444},
pages = {35-59},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, Iran, oceanography, Oman Sea, Persian Gulf},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brock,J.C.,McClain,C.R.,Hay,W.W.
A southwest monsoon hydrographic climatology for the northwestern Arabian Sea Journal Article
In: Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 97, no. 337, pp. 9455-9465, 1992.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Antarctic, Arabian Sea, depth, oceanography, Oman, salinity, temperature, thermocline, Upwelling
@article{,
title = {A southwest monsoon hydrographic climatology for the northwestern Arabian Sea},
author = {Brock,J.C.,McClain,C.R.,Hay,W.W.},
year = {1992},
date = {1992-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume = {97},
number = {337},
pages = {9455-9465},
abstract = {This paper provides a detailed hydrographic climatology for the shallow northwestern Arabian Sea prior to and during the southwest monsoon, presented as multiple-year composite vertical hydrographic sections based on National Oceanographic Data Center historical ocean station data, Temperature and salinity measurements are used to infer the water masses present in the upper 500 m. The hydrographic evolution depicted on bimonthly sections is inferred to result from wind-driven physical processes. In the northwestern Arabian Sea the water mass in the upper 50 m is the Arabian Sea Surface Water. Waters from 50 to 500 m are formed by mixing of Arabian Sea Surface Water with Antarctic and Indonesian intermediate waters. The inflow of Persian Gulf Water does not significantly influence the hydrography of the northwestern Arabian Sea along the Omani coast. Nitrate has a high inverse correlation with temperature and oxygen in the premonsoon thermocline in the depth interval 5(}-150 m. During the southwest monsoon coastal upwelling off Oman and adjacent offshore upward Ekman pumping alter the shallow hydrography.},
keywords = {Antarctic, Arabian Sea, depth, oceanography, Oman, salinity, temperature, thermocline, Upwelling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper provides a detailed hydrographic climatology for the shallow northwestern Arabian Sea prior to and during the southwest monsoon, presented as multiple-year composite vertical hydrographic sections based on National Oceanographic Data Center historical ocean station data, Temperature and salinity measurements are used to infer the water masses present in the upper 500 m. The hydrographic evolution depicted on bimonthly sections is inferred to result from wind-driven physical processes. In the northwestern Arabian Sea the water mass in the upper 50 m is the Arabian Sea Surface Water. Waters from 50 to 500 m are formed by mixing of Arabian Sea Surface Water with Antarctic and Indonesian intermediate waters. The inflow of Persian Gulf Water does not significantly influence the hydrography of the northwestern Arabian Sea along the Omani coast. Nitrate has a high inverse correlation with temperature and oxygen in the premonsoon thermocline in the depth interval 5(}-150 m. During the southwest monsoon coastal upwelling off Oman and adjacent offshore upward Ekman pumping alter the shallow hydrography.
Elliott,A.J.,Savidge,G.
Some features of the upwelling off Oman Journal Article
In: Journal of Marine Research, vol. 48, no. 365, pp. 319-333, 1990.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Gulf of Oman, oceanography, Oman, plankton, surface temperature, temperature, Upwelling
@article{,
title = {Some features of the upwelling off Oman},
author = {Elliott,A.J.,Savidge,G.},
year = {1990},
date = {1990-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
volume = {48},
number = {365},
pages = {319-333},
abstract = {Hydrographic and ADCP data were collected in the coastal waters of Oman during the 1987 summer monsoon. the minimum surface temperatures, up to 5§C below ambient offshore values, were found close to the coast and in the vicinity of the Kuria Muria Islands. Strong surface gradients were observed near Ras al Hadd at the entrance to the Gulf of Oman where the geostrophic surface flow exceeded 1.0m/s. The alongshore flux in the top 300m of a region extending 100km from the coast was estimated to be 10 x 106 m3/s. Evidence for an offshore filament of cool water was found in both current and temperature data.},
keywords = {Gulf of Oman, oceanography, Oman, plankton, surface temperature, temperature, Upwelling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hydrographic and ADCP data were collected in the coastal waters of Oman during the 1987 summer monsoon. the minimum surface temperatures, up to 5§C below ambient offshore values, were found close to the coast and in the vicinity of the Kuria Muria Islands. Strong surface gradients were observed near Ras al Hadd at the entrance to the Gulf of Oman where the geostrophic surface flow exceeded 1.0m/s. The alongshore flux in the top 300m of a region extending 100km from the coast was estimated to be 10 x 106 m3/s. Evidence for an offshore filament of cool water was found in both current and temperature data.
Bruce,J.G.
Some details of upwelling off the Somali and Arabian coasts Journal Article
In: Journal of Marine Research, vol. 32, no. 58, pp. 419-423, 1974.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, oceanography, salinity, surface temperature, temperature, Upwelling
@article{,
title = {Some details of upwelling off the Somali and Arabian coasts},
author = {Bruce,J.G.},
year = {1974},
date = {1974-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
volume = {32},
number = {58},
pages = {419-423},
abstract = {Surface temperature and salinity maps from measurements during the period of maximum coastal upwelling in the Arabian Sea are given. The region of coldest, temperature <14 §C and freshest, salinity ,35.15 % surface water of Ras Mabber (9§ N Somali coast) shifted northeastward during a 10 day period. Off the Arabian coast the upwelled water was not as cold (minimum 18§C) or fresh (minimum 35.7%) and was found between 16§N and 20§N.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, oceanography, salinity, surface temperature, temperature, Upwelling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Surface temperature and salinity maps from measurements during the period of maximum coastal upwelling in the Arabian Sea are given. The region of coldest, temperature <14 §C and freshest, salinity ,35.15 % surface water of Ras Mabber (9§ N Somali coast) shifted northeastward during a 10 day period. Off the Arabian coast the upwelled water was not as cold (minimum 18§C) or fresh (minimum 35.7%) and was found between 16§N and 20§N.