@techreport{,

title = {Visual Health Assessment and evaluation of Anthropogenic threats to Arabian Sea Humpback Whales in Oman},

author = {Minton, Gianna,van Bressem, M. F.,Willson, A.,Collins, T.,Al Harthi, S.,Sarrouf Willson, M.,Baldwin, R.,Leslie, M.,Robbins, J.,Van Waerebeek, K},

url = {https://arabianseawhalenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/sc_68b_cmp_16_rev1_visual-health-assessment-of-ashw-in-oman-1.pdf},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Paper presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

number = {418},

pages = {25},

publisher = {IWC},

institution = {Document presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

abstract = {Arabian Sea humpback whales have been a subject of conservation concern in the IWC since 1997.  Research conducted primarily off the coast of Oman has contributed to understanding the population’s distribution, abundance, and conservation status, whilst information on the population’s health and specific threats is more limited. This study examines all available images of Arabian Sea humpback whales obtained between 2000 and 2018 for evidence of disease, predation, epizoites and human-induced scarring or injury to individuals. Tattoo-like skin disease was detected in 43.4% of 83 adult whales, with a roughly equal distribution between males and females. The prevalence of the disease was significantly higher in 2012-2018 (51.7%) than in 2000-2011 (24.1%).  The lesions persisted for two to 14 years in 10 whales and progressed in prevalence and percentage of body cover in six of them. Killer whale tooth rakes were detected in 12% (95% CI 4.5-18%) of individuals based on examination of photographs showing the ventral surface of tail flukes (n=77), but no cookie cutter shark wounds were detected on any body parts of any of the whales examined. Roughly two thirds (66.6%: 95% CI 52-80%) of individuals represented by good quality photos of the caudal peduncle region (n=42) bore scarring patterns considered likely to be associated with entanglement in fishing gear, with no significant differences in entanglement scarring rates between males and females. Four individuals bore injuries consistent with vessel strikes and at least two individuals showed severe injuries and deformations likely to have been caused by interactions with vessels and/or fishing gear.  Five documented entanglement events from Oman and Pakistan involved large-mesh nylon gillnets, which are known to be used extensively throughout the Arabian Sea.  In light of this population’s endangered status,  these findings indicate an urgent need to continue monitoring Arabian Sea humpback whales, with an emphasis on methods that allow continued and expanded assessment of health, body condition, and anthropogenic interactions, aimed toward designing effective conservation strategies to mitigate known threats. },

keywords = {Arabian Sea, Barnacle, Bycatch, disease, Fisheries, Humpback Whale, killer whale, lesions, megaptera novaeangliae, Oman, pathology, photo identification, predation, scarring, skin, tattoo},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = { Studies for Carrying Out the Common Fisheries Policy: Adverse Fisheries Impacts on Cetacean Populations in the Black Sea. Final report to the European Commission},

author = {Birkun Jr, A,Northridge, S,Willsteed, E.A.,James, F.A.,Kilgour, C.,Lander, M.,Fitzgerald, G.D.},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

number = {329},

pages = {347},

abstract = {Four tasks were completed to achieve the objective of providing the European Commission with: an

analysis of historical and current status of cetacean populations in the western Black Sea; qualitative and

quantitative assessments of their by-catch in Black Sea fisheries by fishery and fishing gear; and the

provision of recommendations for measures to reduce by-catch in fisheries identified as having high rates

of by-catch. A summary of work achieved for each task follows.

A review and analysis of all national and international legislation aiming at the protection and

conservation of cetaceans in the Black Sea was completed, including the identification of gaps in the

legislation. A rapid assessment of the capacity of existing national fisheries legislation in Bulgaria,

Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in context of cetacean conservation was also completed. Questionnaires

were distributed to national authorities and experts to develop a list of domestic legal tools. To determine

the awareness of fishermen regarding national legislation designed to protect cetaceans, a questionnaire

was distributed to leaders of fishing cooperatives in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.

Recommendations regarding improvement of national legislation and its implementation in the Black Sea

were developed.

New data from Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine was collected and a review of existing information

from all coastal States on harbour porpoises, common dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea

was completed. Information was reviewed to determine the existing state of knowledge of Black Sea

cetaceans and their interactions with fisheries historically and currently. This involved the consolidation

of existing datasets on cetacean abundance and distribution, and by-catch records from Black Sea coastal

states. To provide information on fishing capacity and effort, surveys were conducted at representative

fishing harbours in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. In conjunction with the surveys, interviews

were held with fishermen to provide information about perceptions of by-catch, by-catch rates in

different gear types and seasonality of by-catch. This information was combined with the historical

information to enable the assessment of fisheries and fishing gears associated with adverse impacts on

cetacean populations. Estimation of bycatch rates were developed and are presented in this report. The

virtual absence of information on smaller fishing vessels in Black Sea coastal states surveyed necessitated

a change in approach to surveying and leads to uncertainties about the accuracy of fleet effort estimates.

Together with the paucity of observed by-catch records, estimates of by-catch are subject to significant

caveats are should be used with caution in the absence of further data to improve confidence in the

estimates.

Surveys of cetacean population distribution and abundance were completed for the western Black Sea,

including the waters of Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Aerial and boat surveys were completed using

the accepted double-platform method of observation. Both the aircraft and vessel underwent

modifications prior to surveying to support this method of surveying. An additional opportunistic survey

was completed using ferry routes between Ukraine and Georgia to provide a snapshot of populations in

the eastern waters. National permits were obtained for surveying after a lengthy process and an

international team of observers was recruited and trained. Records of cetacean sightings, distances,

angles and concomitant data were collected and stored prior to analysis using Distance 6.0 to derive

estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the western Black Sea and to provide crude estimates

for the Black Sea.

Finally, to provide a draft regional strategy for improving cetacean conservation in the Black Sea, a critical

review of global existing approaches and methods to prevent and mitigate cetacean by-catch was

completed, measures were identified in context of the Black Sea to reduce the problem, and a draft

strategy was developed, which is presented in this report. 

RESULTS

s, the review of legislation indicates that there is sufficient legislation in place,

particularly within Member State jurisdictions, to research, assess and manage pressures and threats to

cetacean species, and to designate SACs. Strengthening the capacity of the Member States and the

coordination and capacity of regional bodies to implement legislation and to conduct the required

research would appear to be more appropriate than the determination and enactment of additional

legislative instruments. 

For most of the 20th century, mass commercial killing remained the principal human activity affecting

Black Sea cetaceans.  Purse-seining and shooting were the two principal methods used to capture and kill cetaceans in the Black

Sea cetacean fisheries. Between these two fishery methods, it is commonly acknowledged that the Black

Sea cetacean populations were strongly reduced and that perhaps they have not recovered until recently.



Poaching (illegal, unreported or unregulated – IUU – fishing) is one of the major environmental, economic

and social problems concerning the entire Black Sea region. 



More generally, by-catches in fishing gear constitute the major source of human-induced mortality of

Black Sea cetaceans.   Porpoises almost always dominate by-catches (often >90% of annual

estimates) when compared to by-catches of common and bottlenose dolphins. With regards to fishing

gear type, bottom set gillnets for turbot are always recorded as the greatest threat to cetaceans although

spiny dogfish set nets are also reported to be a problem. 



The

Conservation Plan also draws on various recommendations from regional forums. Generally, five broad

approaches are required, in parallel which encompass specific conservation actions. These approaches

include: 1) Refinement of information on spatial, temporal and metier specific by-catch rates to further

identify areas, seasons and fishery types for focused by-catch mitigation, including a better understanding

of the rates at which each species is taken by each fishery. 2) Improved information of fleet dynamics and

effort. 3) Implementation of by-catch mitigation strategies where there are already obvious requirements.

4) Further investigation of the population dynamics, distribution, density and migration patterns of the

three species of concern. 5) The building or improvement of a management organisation to deliver on

conservation goals, shared management, fleet documentation, training and outreach. The most urgent

action was identified as eliminating illegal fishing for turbot with gillnets. },

keywords = {black sea, Bycatch, cetaceans, Fisheries, management, mitigation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = { Studies for Carrying Out the Common Fisheries Policy: Adverse Fisheries Impacts on Cetacean Populations in the Black Sea. Final report to the European Commission},

author = {Birkun Jr, A,Northridge, S,Willsteed, E.A.,James, F.A.,Kilgour, C.,Lander, M.,Fitzgerald, G.D.},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

number = {329},

pages = {347},

abstract = {Four tasks were completed to achieve the objective of providing the European Commission with: an

analysis of historical and current status of cetacean populations in the western Black Sea; qualitative and

quantitative assessments of their by-catch in Black Sea fisheries by fishery and fishing gear; and the

provision of recommendations for measures to reduce by-catch in fisheries identified as having high rates

of by-catch. A summary of work achieved for each task follows.

A review and analysis of all national and international legislation aiming at the protection and

conservation of cetaceans in the Black Sea was completed, including the identification of gaps in the

legislation. A rapid assessment of the capacity of existing national fisheries legislation in Bulgaria,

Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in context of cetacean conservation was also completed. Questionnaires

were distributed to national authorities and experts to develop a list of domestic legal tools. To determine

the awareness of fishermen regarding national legislation designed to protect cetaceans, a questionnaire

was distributed to leaders of fishing cooperatives in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.

Recommendations regarding improvement of national legislation and its implementation in the Black Sea

were developed.

New data from Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine was collected and a review of existing information

from all coastal States on harbour porpoises, common dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea

was completed. Information was reviewed to determine the existing state of knowledge of Black Sea

cetaceans and their interactions with fisheries historically and currently. This involved the consolidation

of existing datasets on cetacean abundance and distribution, and by-catch records from Black Sea coastal

states. To provide information on fishing capacity and effort, surveys were conducted at representative

fishing harbours in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. In conjunction with the surveys, interviews

were held with fishermen to provide information about perceptions of by-catch, by-catch rates in

different gear types and seasonality of by-catch. This information was combined with the historical

information to enable the assessment of fisheries and fishing gears associated with adverse impacts on

cetacean populations. Estimation of bycatch rates were developed and are presented in this report. The

virtual absence of information on smaller fishing vessels in Black Sea coastal states surveyed necessitated

a change in approach to surveying and leads to uncertainties about the accuracy of fleet effort estimates.

Together with the paucity of observed by-catch records, estimates of by-catch are subject to significant

caveats are should be used with caution in the absence of further data to improve confidence in the

estimates.

Surveys of cetacean population distribution and abundance were completed for the western Black Sea,

including the waters of Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Aerial and boat surveys were completed using

the accepted double-platform method of observation. Both the aircraft and vessel underwent

modifications prior to surveying to support this method of surveying. An additional opportunistic survey

was completed using ferry routes between Ukraine and Georgia to provide a snapshot of populations in

the eastern waters. National permits were obtained for surveying after a lengthy process and an

international team of observers was recruited and trained. Records of cetacean sightings, distances,

angles and concomitant data were collected and stored prior to analysis using Distance 6.0 to derive

estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the western Black Sea and to provide crude estimates

for the Black Sea.

Finally, to provide a draft regional strategy for improving cetacean conservation in the Black Sea, a critical

review of global existing approaches and methods to prevent and mitigate cetacean by-catch was

completed, measures were identified in context of the Black Sea to reduce the problem, and a draft

strategy was developed, which is presented in this report. 

RESULTS

s, the review of legislation indicates that there is sufficient legislation in place,

particularly within Member State jurisdictions, to research, assess and manage pressures and threats to

cetacean species, and to designate SACs. Strengthening the capacity of the Member States and the

coordination and capacity of regional bodies to implement legislation and to conduct the required

research would appear to be more appropriate than the determination and enactment of additional

legislative instruments. 

For most of the 20th century, mass commercial killing remained the principal human activity affecting

Black Sea cetaceans.  Purse-seining and shooting were the two principal methods used to capture and kill cetaceans in the Black

Sea cetacean fisheries. Between these two fishery methods, it is commonly acknowledged that the Black

Sea cetacean populations were strongly reduced and that perhaps they have not recovered until recently.



Poaching (illegal, unreported or unregulated – IUU – fishing) is one of the major environmental, economic

and social problems concerning the entire Black Sea region. 



More generally, by-catches in fishing gear constitute the major source of human-induced mortality of

Black Sea cetaceans.   Porpoises almost always dominate by-catches (often >90% of annual

estimates) when compared to by-catches of common and bottlenose dolphins. With regards to fishing

gear type, bottom set gillnets for turbot are always recorded as the greatest threat to cetaceans although

spiny dogfish set nets are also reported to be a problem. 



The

Conservation Plan also draws on various recommendations from regional forums. Generally, five broad

approaches are required, in parallel which encompass specific conservation actions. These approaches

include: 1) Refinement of information on spatial, temporal and metier specific by-catch rates to further

identify areas, seasons and fishery types for focused by-catch mitigation, including a better understanding

of the rates at which each species is taken by each fishery. 2) Improved information of fleet dynamics and

effort. 3) Implementation of by-catch mitigation strategies where there are already obvious requirements.

4) Further investigation of the population dynamics, distribution, density and migration patterns of the

three species of concern. 5) The building or improvement of a management organisation to deliver on

conservation goals, shared management, fleet documentation, training and outreach. The most urgent

action was identified as eliminating illegal fishing for turbot with gillnets. },

keywords = {black sea, Bycatch, cetaceans, Fisheries, management, mitigation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = { Studies for Carrying Out the Common Fisheries Policy: Adverse Fisheries Impacts on Cetacean Populations in the Black Sea. Final report to the European Commission},

author = {Birkun Jr, A,Northridge, S,Willsteed, E.A.,James, F.A.,Kilgour, C.,Lander, M.,Fitzgerald, G.D.},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

number = {329},

pages = {347},

abstract = {Four tasks were completed to achieve the objective of providing the European Commission with: an

analysis of historical and current status of cetacean populations in the western Black Sea; qualitative and

quantitative assessments of their by-catch in Black Sea fisheries by fishery and fishing gear; and the

provision of recommendations for measures to reduce by-catch in fisheries identified as having high rates

of by-catch. A summary of work achieved for each task follows.

A review and analysis of all national and international legislation aiming at the protection and

conservation of cetaceans in the Black Sea was completed, including the identification of gaps in the

legislation. A rapid assessment of the capacity of existing national fisheries legislation in Bulgaria,

Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in context of cetacean conservation was also completed. Questionnaires

were distributed to national authorities and experts to develop a list of domestic legal tools. To determine

the awareness of fishermen regarding national legislation designed to protect cetaceans, a questionnaire

was distributed to leaders of fishing cooperatives in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.

Recommendations regarding improvement of national legislation and its implementation in the Black Sea

were developed.

New data from Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine was collected and a review of existing information

from all coastal States on harbour porpoises, common dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea

was completed. Information was reviewed to determine the existing state of knowledge of Black Sea

cetaceans and their interactions with fisheries historically and currently. This involved the consolidation

of existing datasets on cetacean abundance and distribution, and by-catch records from Black Sea coastal

states. To provide information on fishing capacity and effort, surveys were conducted at representative

fishing harbours in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. In conjunction with the surveys, interviews

were held with fishermen to provide information about perceptions of by-catch, by-catch rates in

different gear types and seasonality of by-catch. This information was combined with the historical

information to enable the assessment of fisheries and fishing gears associated with adverse impacts on

cetacean populations. Estimation of bycatch rates were developed and are presented in this report. The

virtual absence of information on smaller fishing vessels in Black Sea coastal states surveyed necessitated

a change in approach to surveying and leads to uncertainties about the accuracy of fleet effort estimates.

Together with the paucity of observed by-catch records, estimates of by-catch are subject to significant

caveats are should be used with caution in the absence of further data to improve confidence in the

estimates.

Surveys of cetacean population distribution and abundance were completed for the western Black Sea,

including the waters of Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Aerial and boat surveys were completed using

the accepted double-platform method of observation. Both the aircraft and vessel underwent

modifications prior to surveying to support this method of surveying. An additional opportunistic survey

was completed using ferry routes between Ukraine and Georgia to provide a snapshot of populations in

the eastern waters. National permits were obtained for surveying after a lengthy process and an

international team of observers was recruited and trained. Records of cetacean sightings, distances,

angles and concomitant data were collected and stored prior to analysis using Distance 6.0 to derive

estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the western Black Sea and to provide crude estimates

for the Black Sea.

Finally, to provide a draft regional strategy for improving cetacean conservation in the Black Sea, a critical

review of global existing approaches and methods to prevent and mitigate cetacean by-catch was

completed, measures were identified in context of the Black Sea to reduce the problem, and a draft

strategy was developed, which is presented in this report. 

RESULTS

s, the review of legislation indicates that there is sufficient legislation in place,

particularly within Member State jurisdictions, to research, assess and manage pressures and threats to

cetacean species, and to designate SACs. Strengthening the capacity of the Member States and the

coordination and capacity of regional bodies to implement legislation and to conduct the required

research would appear to be more appropriate than the determination and enactment of additional

legislative instruments. 

For most of the 20th century, mass commercial killing remained the principal human activity affecting

Black Sea cetaceans.  Purse-seining and shooting were the two principal methods used to capture and kill cetaceans in the Black

Sea cetacean fisheries. Between these two fishery methods, it is commonly acknowledged that the Black

Sea cetacean populations were strongly reduced and that perhaps they have not recovered until recently.



Poaching (illegal, unreported or unregulated – IUU – fishing) is one of the major environmental, economic

and social problems concerning the entire Black Sea region. 



More generally, by-catches in fishing gear constitute the major source of human-induced mortality of

Black Sea cetaceans.   Porpoises almost always dominate by-catches (often >90% of annual

estimates) when compared to by-catches of common and bottlenose dolphins. With regards to fishing

gear type, bottom set gillnets for turbot are always recorded as the greatest threat to cetaceans although

spiny dogfish set nets are also reported to be a problem. 



The

Conservation Plan also draws on various recommendations from regional forums. Generally, five broad

approaches are required, in parallel which encompass specific conservation actions. These approaches

include: 1) Refinement of information on spatial, temporal and metier specific by-catch rates to further

identify areas, seasons and fishery types for focused by-catch mitigation, including a better understanding

of the rates at which each species is taken by each fishery. 2) Improved information of fleet dynamics and

effort. 3) Implementation of by-catch mitigation strategies where there are already obvious requirements.

4) Further investigation of the population dynamics, distribution, density and migration patterns of the

three species of concern. 5) The building or improvement of a management organisation to deliver on

conservation goals, shared management, fleet documentation, training and outreach. The most urgent

action was identified as eliminating illegal fishing for turbot with gillnets. },

keywords = {black sea, Bycatch, cetaceans, Fisheries, management, mitigation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = { Studies for Carrying Out the Common Fisheries Policy: Adverse Fisheries Impacts on Cetacean Populations in the Black Sea. Final report to the European Commission},

author = {Birkun Jr, A,Northridge, S,Willsteed, E.A.,James, F.A.,Kilgour, C.,Lander, M.,Fitzgerald, G.D.},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

number = {329},

pages = {347},

abstract = {Four tasks were completed to achieve the objective of providing the European Commission with: an

analysis of historical and current status of cetacean populations in the western Black Sea; qualitative and

quantitative assessments of their by-catch in Black Sea fisheries by fishery and fishing gear; and the

provision of recommendations for measures to reduce by-catch in fisheries identified as having high rates

of by-catch. A summary of work achieved for each task follows.

A review and analysis of all national and international legislation aiming at the protection and

conservation of cetaceans in the Black Sea was completed, including the identification of gaps in the

legislation. A rapid assessment of the capacity of existing national fisheries legislation in Bulgaria,

Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in context of cetacean conservation was also completed. Questionnaires

were distributed to national authorities and experts to develop a list of domestic legal tools. To determine

the awareness of fishermen regarding national legislation designed to protect cetaceans, a questionnaire

was distributed to leaders of fishing cooperatives in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.

Recommendations regarding improvement of national legislation and its implementation in the Black Sea

were developed.

New data from Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine was collected and a review of existing information

from all coastal States on harbour porpoises, common dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea

was completed. Information was reviewed to determine the existing state of knowledge of Black Sea

cetaceans and their interactions with fisheries historically and currently. This involved the consolidation

of existing datasets on cetacean abundance and distribution, and by-catch records from Black Sea coastal

states. To provide information on fishing capacity and effort, surveys were conducted at representative

fishing harbours in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. In conjunction with the surveys, interviews

were held with fishermen to provide information about perceptions of by-catch, by-catch rates in

different gear types and seasonality of by-catch. This information was combined with the historical

information to enable the assessment of fisheries and fishing gears associated with adverse impacts on

cetacean populations. Estimation of bycatch rates were developed and are presented in this report. The

virtual absence of information on smaller fishing vessels in Black Sea coastal states surveyed necessitated

a change in approach to surveying and leads to uncertainties about the accuracy of fleet effort estimates.

Together with the paucity of observed by-catch records, estimates of by-catch are subject to significant

caveats are should be used with caution in the absence of further data to improve confidence in the

estimates.

Surveys of cetacean population distribution and abundance were completed for the western Black Sea,

including the waters of Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Aerial and boat surveys were completed using

the accepted double-platform method of observation. Both the aircraft and vessel underwent

modifications prior to surveying to support this method of surveying. An additional opportunistic survey

was completed using ferry routes between Ukraine and Georgia to provide a snapshot of populations in

the eastern waters. National permits were obtained for surveying after a lengthy process and an

international team of observers was recruited and trained. Records of cetacean sightings, distances,

angles and concomitant data were collected and stored prior to analysis using Distance 6.0 to derive

estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the western Black Sea and to provide crude estimates

for the Black Sea.

Finally, to provide a draft regional strategy for improving cetacean conservation in the Black Sea, a critical

review of global existing approaches and methods to prevent and mitigate cetacean by-catch was

completed, measures were identified in context of the Black Sea to reduce the problem, and a draft

strategy was developed, which is presented in this report. 

RESULTS

s, the review of legislation indicates that there is sufficient legislation in place,

particularly within Member State jurisdictions, to research, assess and manage pressures and threats to

cetacean species, and to designate SACs. Strengthening the capacity of the Member States and the

coordination and capacity of regional bodies to implement legislation and to conduct the required

research would appear to be more appropriate than the determination and enactment of additional

legislative instruments. 

For most of the 20th century, mass commercial killing remained the principal human activity affecting

Black Sea cetaceans.  Purse-seining and shooting were the two principal methods used to capture and kill cetaceans in the Black

Sea cetacean fisheries. Between these two fishery methods, it is commonly acknowledged that the Black

Sea cetacean populations were strongly reduced and that perhaps they have not recovered until recently.



Poaching (illegal, unreported or unregulated – IUU – fishing) is one of the major environmental, economic

and social problems concerning the entire Black Sea region. 



More generally, by-catches in fishing gear constitute the major source of human-induced mortality of

Black Sea cetaceans.   Porpoises almost always dominate by-catches (often >90% of annual

estimates) when compared to by-catches of common and bottlenose dolphins. With regards to fishing

gear type, bottom set gillnets for turbot are always recorded as the greatest threat to cetaceans although

spiny dogfish set nets are also reported to be a problem. 



The

Conservation Plan also draws on various recommendations from regional forums. Generally, five broad

approaches are required, in parallel which encompass specific conservation actions. These approaches

include: 1) Refinement of information on spatial, temporal and metier specific by-catch rates to further

identify areas, seasons and fishery types for focused by-catch mitigation, including a better understanding

of the rates at which each species is taken by each fishery. 2) Improved information of fleet dynamics and

effort. 3) Implementation of by-catch mitigation strategies where there are already obvious requirements.

4) Further investigation of the population dynamics, distribution, density and migration patterns of the

three species of concern. 5) The building or improvement of a management organisation to deliver on

conservation goals, shared management, fleet documentation, training and outreach. The most urgent

action was identified as eliminating illegal fishing for turbot with gillnets. },

keywords = {black sea, Bycatch, cetaceans, Fisheries, management, mitigation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Oman's Fishery Export: Opportunities and Challenges},

author = {Al-Oufi,H.},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

number = {283},

pages = {1-4},

publisher = {Sultan Qaboos University},

keywords = {Fisheries, Oman},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan},

author = {Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

volume = {86/2001},

number = {369},

pages = {1-56},

abstract = {Executive Summary Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity Biodiversity supports human societies ecologically, economically, culturally and spiritually. Despite its importance, ecosystems are degrading and the species and genetic diversity reducing at an alarming rate due to the impact of growing human population and increasing resource consumption. The global decline of biodiversity is now recognized as one of the most serious environmental issues facing humanity. This inspired the global community to negotiate the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Delegation from Oman actively participated in these negotiations and the Government of Oman signed the Convention in June 1992 and ratified it in 1994. The three objectives of the Biodiversity Convention are: -the conservation of biodiversity; -the sustainable use of biological resources; and -the fair and equitable sharing of benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources. These objectives form the three pillars of sustainable development, ecological integrity, economic sustainability and social equity thus illustrating the nature and scope of the Convention. As a global instrument, it sets the stage for each nation to assess the adequacy of current efforts to conserve biodiversity and sustainable use of biological resources and to determine how inadequacies will be rectified. One of the key obligations of the signatory parties to the Convention is to prepare a national biodiversity strategy and action plan. Thus, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is a response to this obligation. It has been developed to guide the implementation of the Biodiversity Convention in Oman. All strategic directions contained in the Strategy are relevant from a national perspective. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan recognizes existing constitutional and legislative responsibilities for biodiversity in Oman. It also emphasizes the importance of intergovernmental co-operation to create the policy, management and research to advance ecological management. National and regional governments, sectoral agencies, and other stakeholders including the members of the public, will pursue the implementation of the Strategy as guided by their administrative and fiscal capabilities. Elements of the National Strategy and Action Plan Vision: The National Strategy and Action Plan presents a vision for Oman of: A society that is conscious of the role and issues related to biological diversity, convinced of its responsibilities toward future generations and determined to sustainably use natural resources in harmony with all other living things in accordance with the teachings of Islam. In support of this vision, the Strategy presents a series of guiding principles that provide a foundation for implementation. The Strategy provides a framework for action that will enhance our ability to ensure productivity, diversity and integrity of our natural ecosystems and, as a result, our ability as a nation to develop sustainably. It promotes the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of biological resources, and describes how we will complement international efforts to implement the Convention. Mission: "To conserve the biological diversity of the Sultanate and its terrestrial and marine environment, in accordance with the articles of the Convention on Biological Diversity, for the benefit of the present and future generations of Omanis and for mankind as a whole, with respect to the guiding principles of Islam. " Main strategic goals: -Safeguard habitats and productive renewable resources for rational and sustainable exploitation .-Conserve habitat, plant and animal diversity especially of those uncommon and also of special interest; -Provide a high quality natural environment for recreational and tourist activities; - Improve the understanding of ecosystems and increase resource management capability; - Advocate the need to conserve biodiversity and use biological resources in a sustainable manner; - Develop legislation that insures the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of biological resources; - Develop incentives that will promote, biodiversity conservation and provide employment for local people; - Equitably share the benefits of sustainable resources including genetic resources at local and regional levels. - Promote regional and international collaboration on biodiversity conservation and sustainability of natural resources. Proposed mechanisms for implementation: - Creation of a permanent interministerial biodiversity steering Committee and National Biodiversity office which will be responsible for : 1) the filing of an annual national report on policies, activities and plans aimed at implementing the Strategy; 2) co-ordinating the implementation of national and international elements of the Strategy; 3) recommend measures to permit and encourage non-government participation in the implementation of the Strategy; 4) Regular reporting on the status of biodiversity; and, 5) revision of the strategy after an initial implementation phase of five years. The National Strategy and Action Plan proposes a series of priority actions that are classified according to the following themes involving most sectors of society: .Conservation of Natural Resources (Protected areas, Endangered species, conservation) .Terrestrial and Freshwater Fauna . Marine Life and Fisheries  .Terrestrial and Aquatic Flora .Agriculture Resources.Energy Resources .Mineral Resources .Industry, Technology and Services (Biotechnology and Biosafety, Tourism) .Urban Environment .Water Resources .Environmental Emergencies .Participation of the Public, Non-Governmental Organisations and Private Sector .Societal Values (Public awareness, education and training; Environmental impact assessments; Institutional and legal framework) .Quality of Life .Spiritual Values },

keywords = {conservation, ecosystem, education, endangered, Fisheries, guiding, habitat, management, marine, objectives, Oman, population, productivity, protected areas, status},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Marine fisheries resources, fisheries and marine environmental management, coral reefs and marine parks in the Northwest Indian Ocean},

author = {Siddeek,M.S.M.},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Presented at the Regional Workshop on Fisheries Monitoring, Control and Surveillance, 24-28 Oct. Muscat, Oman},

number = {473},

abstract = {This report contains much of the same information (and wording!) as reference 471, with some additional information on pelagic fisheries, coral reefs and marine protected areas.  Information is only broad and general.},

keywords = {coral, Fisheries, Indian Ocean, management, marine, Oman},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Artificial reefs - Investigation of colonisation of tyre and concrete reefs in Omani coastal waters with particular regard to possible toxicity expression by tyres },

author = {By Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment/Petroleum Development Oman LTD in association with Fisheries Extension & Technical Services,marine Science and Fisheries Centre and Sultan Qaboos University},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

number = {341},

pages = {1-31},

abstract = {From Muscat to the Musandam in Oman , a distance of 200kms , the continental shelf is narrow , sandy and few hard features exist. This has resulted in the artisanal fishery being almost solely dependant on pelagic fish species for its catch (tuna, sardines and kingfish). On a number of occasions Batinah Coast fishery groups have requested that artificial reefs be installed with the intention of promoting pelagic fish aggregation and establishing a demersal fishery. Inshore currents along the Batinah coast run northwards from the substantial Muscat reef area and it is possible therefore that colonisation of any artificial reefs on the Batinah coast by reef organisms could be rapid To date permission for artificial reel' deployment has not been granted by the Ministry of Regional Municipality and Environment since waste materials only were to be used and in particular redundant tyres. Concern has been expressed that tyres could leach cadmium, zinc and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and affect the local marine environment. It has been established , however , that fishery groups on the Batinah Coast are already deploying tyres as artificial reefs. It is essential therefore that experimental assessment oh the effects of such deployments in Omani waters and the benefits or otherwise arc quickly established. Petroleum Development Oman over a number of years have built up a stockpile of some 20,000 old tyres which is growing at the rate of 2000 a year and suggested that rather than dump all the tyres they could be used for artificial reef building. They expressed a willingness to help in any pre-deployment research considered necessary to enable such a use for the tyres to be decided. IT IS TO BL EMPHASISED THAT THE MINISTRY OF REGIONAL MUNICIPALITIES AND ENVIRONMENT IS NOT ADVOCATING OR SUPPORTING THE DEPLOYMENT OF TYRE ARTIFICIAL REEFS ;THE MINISTRY ONLY WISHES TO ESTABLISH IF SUCH DEPLOYMENTS ARE ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE OR NOT, AS THE CASE MAY BE.},

keywords = {artificial reefs, assessment, cadmium, development, Fisheries, marine, Oman, zinc},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Hydro-Biology off Oman},

author = {Thangaraja,M.},

year  = {1995},

date = {1995-01-01},

journal = {MSFC Research Report},

volume = {95-1},

number = {484},

pages = {1-151},

publisher = {Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Directorate General of Fisheries Resources, Marine Science and Fisheries Centre, Marine Ecology Section},

abstract = {The report gives information on the temperature, salinity, Dissolved oxygen, phytoplankton production, zooplankton production and fish production for each of the 8 fisheries areas in Oman.  It then discusses the results of time series studies (hydrography, phytoplankton, zooplankton) in Musandam, Muscat and Dhofar.},

keywords = {Fisheries, Hydro-biology, oceanography, Oman, salinity, zooplankton},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {A preliminary report of marine mammal fisheries in Djibouti, Oman and Sri Lanka },

author = {Alling,A.},

year  = {1992},

date = {1992-01-01},

volume = {694 },

number = {280},

pages = {1-10},

abstract = {INTRODUCTION During the 1982 and 1983 field seasons on Tulip, an effort was made to assess the status of small whale fisheries in Djibouti, Oman and Sri Lanka. In lieu of the fact that the World Wildlife Funds Indian Ocean Whale study still has one more year of field work, this preliminary report will only summarise our findings as of April, 1983. Officials and fisherman were contacted during port calls in 1982 to obtain information about local hunting and entrapment of cetaceans and members of the Tulip crew travelled to 9 harbours in Sri Lanka to interview fishermen. Dolphins seen in fish markets were measured, identified, stomach contents taken, and skulls collected for positive identification. In 1982 one fisherman on the west coast of Sri Lanka was asked to keep a daily log of all cetaceans entrapped or harpooned for a duration of one year. In 1983 we increased the number of harbours Monitored and four additional fishermen, three on the east coast and one on the west coast, were asked to keep these journals. A constant watch was kept at sea for all cetacean sightings. Species seen were identified using three identification guides: Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises of the Eastern North Pacific and Adjacent Arctic Waters (Leatherwood et al., 1982), Sea Guide to, Whales of the World (Watson, 1982), and A Field Guide to Whales and Dolphins (Captain Morzer Bruyns, 1971). When the identification was questionable, animals were photographed for confirmation of identity at a later date. },

keywords = {Arctic, cetacean, cetaceans, dolphin, dolphins, Fisheries, habitat, Indian Ocean, marine, marine mammal, North Pacific, Oman, Porpoise, sanctuaries, skull, skulls, Sri Lanka, status, stomach contents, whale, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {National Conservation Strategy: Sultanate of Oman: Volume I, Synthesis and Policy Framework},

author = {Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment},

year  = {1992},

date = {1992-01-01},

number = {367},

pages = {1-288},

publisher = {Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment},

abstract = {The NCS comprises three volumes, I) the synthesis and policy framework, II) a detailed review and evaluation of natural resources in Oman; and III) the NCS Action Plan of implementation with some 50 sectorial, national and regional programmes and projects along the theme of integrated development and environment protection.  The report points out the 'lagging pace and role of environmental planning', which has not been directly associated with economic and social planning, despite some limited efforts to control pollution.  The report focuses more on the problems of resource utilization and sustainability (referring to land, water, fisheries, rangelands and forest), and calls for an improvement in the management and efficiency of use of these resources.  The report emphasizes threats of continued population growth and limited water resources, and the need for land and water conservation.  It recommends enhancing knowledge thorough conducting more intensive and continuous surveys and studies. The report also addresses historical sites and heritage preservation and the need to raise environmental consciousness and awareness.  The report is rather vague in its recommendations - espousing conservation cooperation between ministries and prudence etc. etc. without any specific measures.  One chapter outlines the responsibilities of the MRME, the need to inform the public, recruit more Omani expertise/train staff, enact more legislation etc. etc.  Ministerial Decree 43/92: Establishment of a Permanent Committee of the National Conservation Strategy. This includes the Undersecretaries from MRME as chairpersons, and representatives from the Ministry of Defense, the Diwan of the Royal Court, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of water resources, Min of Ed, Min of communications, MAF, Min of labour affairs, housing, health affairs, electric and water, civil services, Islamic affairs, national heritage and culture, petroleum and minerals, SQUA, Dep gov of Dhofar, ports and amaritime affairs, legal ffairs, ROP, chamber of commerce etc.  But what happened to this committee and what do they do?????},

keywords = {conservation, Fisheries, management, Oman, pollution, population, survey},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Impact of fisheries on the environment and wildlife: Sultanate of Oman},

author = {Salm,R.V.},

year  = {1992},

date = {1992-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Results of the IUCN Coastal Zone Management Project},

volume = {CZMP4:F17},

number = {467},

pages = {1-19},

abstract = {The report highlights fisheries related damage to coral communities, and fisheries related mortality of turtles and cetaceans in the Sultanate of Oman.  It includes detailed tables of dead turtles and dead cetaceans showing evidence of direct harvest, found during the IUCN Coastal Zone Management Survey, conducted in Oman between 1987 and 1991.},

keywords = {by-catch, cetaceans, coastal zone management, coral, Fisheries, mortality, Oman, turtles},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {A preliminary report of marine mammal fisheries in Djibouti, Oman and Sri Lanka.},

author = {Alling,A.},

year  = {1983},

date = {1983-01-01},

volume = {NARA/SMMIO/SP32 presented to the Symposi},

number = {279},

pages = {1-8},

abstract = {During the voyage of the Tulip (Indian Ocean Sperm Whale project) fishermen and officials were interviewed at different ports of call. In Oman, officials "agreed" to the following: 1) There is a small dolphin fishery in Oman, primarily located off the Island of Masirah. 2) The extent of this fishery is questionable and it is not clear if there is any by-catch. 3) The meat is used for human consumption and as shark bait. 4) Whales are not hunted, but they are seldom caught in nets. 5) It was not clear if whale meat is eaten.  Further, the paper focuses on bycatch and direct takes of dolphins in Sri Lanka, where estimates were placed at over 15,000 dolphins being by-caught in fisheries per year.},

keywords = {by-catch, dolphin, dolphins, Fisheries, Indian Ocean, mammals, marine, marine mammal, Marine mammals, nets, Oman, sperm whale, whale, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Indian Ocean Sperm Whale study, 1981 - 1982 interim report},

author = {Alling,G.,Gordon,J.,Rotton,N.,Whitehead,H.},

year  = {1982},

date = {1982-01-01},

number = {281},

pages = {1-43},

publisher = {WWF},

abstract = {The establishment of the Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary in 1979 gave whale science an opportunity and a challenge: the opportunity to study protected whale; and the challenge to show that whale populations can be monitored purely through studies of living animals. The sperm whale (Physeter catodon), is commercially the most important, and the most numerous, large whale. It may be a significant link in the food web on account of returning nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface through its faeces. Analysis of the composition of sperm whale catches suggests that the sperm whale possesses a unique and interesting social system (Best 1979), a thorough knowledge of which is essential if these exceptional animals are to be properly protected.It was thus appropriate to carry out a study of the behaviour of the sperm whales in the Indian Ocean, principally using the methods developed on living right, grey and humpback whales, and the money raised by WWF-Netherlands. In order to obtain significant results it was thought necessary to have three field seasons of several months each.As very little was known of the whales of the Indian Ocean the first season consisted of a survey of those parts of the NW Indian Ocean which might have been suitable for studying sperm whales. During the survey methods of studying living sperm whales were to be developed, and other whales, dolphins, and marine mammal fisheries examined as circumstances permitted. From this survey we were to decide on the most suitable area and methods for studying sperm whales in subsequent seasons. We were also to recommend which other marine mammal research projects in the area should be undertaken, either as part of our project or separately.We report here on the first field season. Because of the deadline (within two weeks of the end of the field work) the data has not been rigorously analysed, and we can give only the most basic results. However we hope that this report indicates that the study was successful within its objectives.},

keywords = {behaviour, dolphin, dolphins, Eubalaena glacialis, Fisheries, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, Indian Ocean, marine, marine mammal, megaptera novaeangliae, objectives, Oman, physeter, population, populations, sanctuaries, sperm whale, sperm whales, survey, whale, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}