@article{,

title = {Can the Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphin (},

author = {Nanayakkara, Ranil,Kusuminda, Tharaka,Jefferson, Thomas},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Aquatic Mammals},

volume = {40},

number = {178},

pages = {398-406},

abstract = {Until the last few years, the only records of Indian Ocean humpback dolphins (Sousa plumbea) in Sri Lanka were a small number of older stranding records and one unconfirmed sighting, but repeated verified sightings have been made since the early 2000s in the Puttalam Lagoon area of northwestern Sri Lanka. To determine dolphin status and distribution patterns, we conducted monthly surveys of the lagoon from July 2010 to June 2011 and sighted humpback dolphins in the lagoon in every month of the year. Repeated sightings of the same six individuals were made; and in March 2011, one of these humpback dolphins was killed by dynamite fishing. It appears that the population is very small, possibly now consisting only of these five individuals, and is resident in the lagoon. Although it is likely the species was more widespread and abundant in the past, it appears that Puttalam Lagoon may be the only location where this species persists in Sri Lanka at present. Additional research is needed to investigate possible mixing with populations in India, and urgent conservation measures are recommended to ensure the long-term survival of this enigmatic species in Sri Lanka.},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, Distribution, humpback dolphin, Indian Ocean, Indian Ocean humpback dolphin, Individual identification, photo identification, population, Sousa plumbea, Sri Lanka},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Seasonal distribution, abundance, habitat use and population identity of humpback whales in Oman},

author = {Minton,G.,Collins,T.J.Q.,Findlay,K.P.,Ersts,P.J.,Rosenbaum,H.C.,Berggren,P.,Baldwin,R.M.},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},

volume = {Special Issue on Southern Hemisphere Hum},

number = {415},

pages = {185–198},

abstract = {Published data on the occurrence of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Arabian Sea suggest that the region hosts a non-migratory population that adheres to a Northern Hemisphere breeding cycle.  Twelve small boat surveys were conducted at three main locations off the coast of Oman between February 2000 and November 2004 to investigate the distribution and seasonal abundance of humpback whales and other cetaceans.

     An even ratio of males and females were observed and sampled during surveys in the Gulf of  Masirah (Gulf of Masirah) in October and November (n=38), while almost all whales sampled in Dhofar in February/March were male (n=28). Song was detected frequently in the bay surrounding the Halaniyat Islands (formerly known as the Kuria Muria Bay) in February/March, but observations of mother-calf pairs were sparse, and competitive groups were absent.  Feeding was observed in both October/November and February/March, but behavioural and environmental observations indicate that the Gulf of Masirah is primarily an important feeding ground, while the Dhofar region, particularly the Halaniyat Bay, may be a breeding area.  However, a lack of recent observations of both mother-calf pairs and competitive groups raises the possibility that the primary mating, calving and nursing areas are yet to be identified.

     Of the 64 whales that have been identified using photographs of dorsal fins or tail flukes, six individuals have been observed on at least two surveys, four individuals on three surveys, one on four surveys and one on five separate surveys. Identified individuals were re-sighted in both the Gulf of Masirah and Dhofar at different times of the year and across survey years, indicating year-round residence off the coast of Oman.  

     A Chapman's modified Petersen estimator was applied to various data pairings to calculate abundance.  All pairings yielded estimates of less than 100 individuals, but sample sizes are small and there are various sources of possible bias. Analysis of scarring on the caudal peduncle region of identified individuals in Oman indicates that between 30 and 40% are likely to have been involved in entanglements with fishing gear.

      Comparison of the Oman photo-identification catalogue with those from Zanzibar, Antongil Bay (Madagascar) and Mayotte and the Geyser Atoll (Comoros Archipelago), yielded no photographic matches. These data are consistent with the hypothesis of a discrete population. The distribution of fluke pigmentation rankings from the Oman catalogue, which varied significantly from those of Madagascar and Mayotte, provides further evidence for this theory.},

keywords = {Distribution, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, Oman, population, population characteristics, whale, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Conservation needs of the dugong Dugong dugon in Cambodia and Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam},

author = {Hines,E.,Adulyanukosol,K.,Somany,P.,Ath,L.S.,Cox,N.,Boonyanate,P.,Hoa,N.X.},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Oryx},

volume = {42},

number = {386},

pages = {113-121},

abstract = {This research was conducted to assess the location of population groups and conservation issuesaffecting dugongs Dugong dugon along the eastern Gulf of Thailand off Cambodia and Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam.Interviews in fishing communities in 2002 and 2004 along the Cambodian coast revealed that dugongs aresporadically found in fishing nets and their body parts are sold for a relatively large profit. During 4 days ofaerial surveys in Cambodia in 2004 we saw no dugongs. We interviewed villagers in Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam,in 2002 and learnt that dugongs are regularly found and hunted, again for high profits. In both countrieswe recommend that legislation addressing threatened species be strengthened and enforced. In collaborationwith the Cambodian and Vietnamese governments and NGOs, we propose the exploration of alternative nondestructivefishing methods and the initiation of an education campaign based on conservation of marinewildlife and the nearshore environment. National and transboundary management and community-based conservationare required in conjunction with strategies to address overfishing and poverty.},

keywords = {aerial survey, conservation, dugong, education, location, management, marine, nets, population, survey},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin of the Arabian region: a status review},

author = {Baldwin,R.M.,Collins,T.J.Q.,Van Waerebeek,K.,Minton,G.},

url = {https://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=247:the-indo-pacific-humpback-dolphin-of-the-arabian-region-a-status-review&catid=13&Itemid=157},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Aquatic Mammals},

volume = {30},

number = {319},

pages = {111-124},

abstract = {Records of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin sightings, strandings, and museum specimens in the Arabian region were compiled and used to review the distribution and status of this species. Nominal usage of Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) has been retained as a pragmatic measure, although the species present in the region resembles Sousa plumbea (G. Cuvier, 1828). Little is known about the ecology of this species in the region. Most available information on S. chinensis in the region originates from the Sultanate of Oman, where this species is among the most commonly recorded cetaceans. However, there is no absolute measure of abundance for anywhere in the region and the status of the species is unknown. Distribution is described for the region to include much of the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea, but notably excludes the Gulf of Oman. This discontinuous distribution suggests the possible presence of discrete populations within the region. Beach-cast/dead individuals represent nearly two-thirds of all records (n=303) of this species in Oman. Live sightings indicate unusually large group sizes (up to 100 individuals) in the Arabian Sea and Arabian Gulf. Occasional associations with Tursiops sp. and Delphinus capensis tropicalis were documented. Mating behaviour and the presence of calves were recorded in the months of April and May and calves are also reported in June, October, November and December. Threats to humpback dolphins in the Arabian region include incidental capture in fishing nets, coastal and offshore development (e.g. land reclamation, dredging, port and harbour construction), pollution, boat traffic, oil and gas exploration (including seismic surveying), military exercises and biotoxins associated with red tide events. Evidence for historic and current directed catches of S. chinensis is limited, but opportunistic hunting may occur. Intraspecific variation in cranial measurements of individuals from the Arabian Sea coast of Oman fall within relative values found in individuals from the Saudi Arabian Gulf coast. Cranial abnormalities were few. Recommendations are made for conservation management-oriented research focusing on stock identity and status assessments, as well as for monitoring of fisheries bycatch, clearer definition of other threats, continued specimen and sample collection and training of local scientists.},

keywords = {abundance, Arabian Gulf, Arabian region, Arabian Sea, associations, behaviour, Boat traffic, cetacean, cetaceans, conservation, development, Distribution, dolphin, dolphins, ecology, Fisheries, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, humpback dolphins, incidental capture, military, museum specimens, nets, Oman, pollution, population, populations, Red Sea, status, Stock identity, Strandings, tursiops},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Microbial community dynamics and taxon-specific phytoplankton production in the Arabian Sea during the 1995 monsoon seasons},

author = {Brown,S.L.,Landry,M.R.,Christensen,S.,Garrison,D.,Gowing,M.M.,Bidigare,R.R.,Campbell,L.},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},

volume = {49},

number = {57},

pages = {2345-2376},

abstract = {As part of the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study in 1995, we investigated temporal and spatial patterns in microbial dynamics and production during the late Southwest (SW) Monsoon (August-September 1995) and the early Northeast (NE) Monsoon (November-December 1995) seasons using the seawater-dilution technique. Experiments were coupled with population assessments from high-performance liquid chromatography, flow cytometry, and microscopy to estimate further taxon-specific phytoplankton growth, grazing and production. Dilution estimates of total primary production varied substantially, from 7 to 423 mg Cl-1 d-1, and were generally in good agreement with rate estimates from 14C-uptake incubations. Both primary production and secondary bacterial production were, on average, 2.5xhigher during the SW Monsoon than the NE Monsoon. Relative to the total community, photosynthetic prokaryotes contributed 23% and 53% of production during the SW and NE Monsoons, respectively. Prochlorococcus spp. production was well balanced by grazing losses, while >50% of Synechococcus spp. production during the SW Monsoon appeared to escape grazing by protists. Diatoms comprised >30% of primary production at a high biomass station during the SW Monsoon but <30% at all stations during the NE Monsoon. Growth rates of Synechococcus spp. and diatoms appeared to be limited by inorganic nitrogen concentrations, while Prochlorococcus spp., dinoflagellates and Phaeocystis spp. were not. Losses to protistan grazing were strongly correlated with phytoplankton biomass and production. Despite sufficient prey levels, protistan biomass was modest and constant across the region during both seasons. Of the larger taxa, diatoms were grazed the least effectively with only 50% of daily production accounted for by protistan grazing. Combined estimates of protistan and mesozooplankton grazing at upwelling stations during the SW Monsoon leave ~10% of primary production unaccounted for and available for sinking and/or lateral advection. Similarly high rates of net production at northern coastal stations during the NE Monsoon suggest that this area also may contribute to regional export flux},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, assessment, growth, population, prey, Upwelling},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Mesopelagic fishes of the Arabian Sea: distribution, abundance and diet of },

author = {Butler,M.,Bollens,S.M.,Burghalter,B.,Madin,L.P.,Horgan,E.},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},

volume = {48},

number = {61},

pages = {1369-1383},

abstract = {Four species of predatory fishes - Chauliodus pammelas, Chauliodus sloani, Stomias afffnis and Stomias nebulosus - were collected on two cruises to the Arabian Sea during 1995. We present data on the abundances, horizontal and vertical distributions, and diet of these fishes. We also discuss briefly the importance of the oxygen minimum zone and predation on myctophid fishes to the ecology of these mesopelagic predators. Chauliodus pammelas and C. sloani appear to have only partially overlapping horizontal distributions in the Arabian Sea, with C. pammelas more common to the north and C. sloani more common to the south. Our data support previous results suggesting that diel vertical migration is the norm for these species, with smaller individuals usually nearer to the surface and larger individuals tending to stay deeper. In contrast to Chauliodus, Stomias affinis and S. nebulosus appear to have largely overlapping horizontal distributions in the Arabian Sea. However, they may have slightly di!erent vertical distributions, with S. affinis living slightly shallower (especially at night) than S. nebulosus. All four species spend most of their time in the oxygen minimum zone, entering the surface oxygenated waters (100-150 m) only at night (if at all). The diets of C. pammelas, C. sloani, and S. affinis consisted mainly of lantern fishes, Myctophidae, and other fishes. In contrast, S. nebulosus, the smaller of the two Stomias species, ate mostly copepods and other crustaceans. This differential feeding may allow the two Stomias species to co-occur. Three of these four stomiids appear to play an important role in predation on myctophid fish populations in the Arabian Sea.},

keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, diel, diet, diets, Distribution, ecology, feeding, migration, oxygen minimum, population, populations, predation, south},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the Arabian Sea: Basinwide response to year-round high primary productivity},

author = {Ducklow,H.W.,Smith,D.C.,Campbell,L.,Landry,M.R.,Quinby,H.L.,Steward,G.F.,Azam,F.},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},

volume = {48},

number = {90},

pages = {1303-1323},

abstract = {Heterotrophic bacterial abundance and productivity were measured during five and four cruises, respectively, in the northwest Arabian Sea as part of the US JGOFS Process Study, which provided a new view of seasonal bacterial dynamics in that part of the basin influenced by monsoonal forcing. In this paper, surface layer data are used to address two questions concerning the influence of the monsoon cycle on bacterial dynamics: (1) Is there a bacterial bloom in the SW Monsoon? and (2) Is bacterial production low during the oligotrophic Spring Intermonsoon? An extensive comparison of epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, unprecedented at this scale, detected essentially the same heterotrophic bacterial populations and distributions, with some between-cruise di!erences. Use of the two methods allowed us to extend our observations in space and time. Bacterial productivity, both in the surface layer and integrated over the euphotic zone, was elevated less than 2-fold during the Southwest Monsoon. Levels of bacterial abundance and production were low during the Northeast Monsoon, then increased in March during the Spring Intermonsoon. There was some stimulation of abundance or production inshore in response to coastal upwelling. In general, the basin was enriched in bacterial biomass >5 ' 108  cells l-1 throughout the year, relative to other tropical regimes, presumably in response to overall high PP and DOC levels. Seasonally uniform DOC levels may be regulated in part by intense bacterial utilization rates, but also reflect seasonal consistency in PP.},

keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, Distribution, population, populations, productivity, Upwelling},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Nitrogen production in the northern Arabian Sea during the Spring Intermonsoon and Southwest Monsoon seasons},

author = {Sambrotto,R.N.},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},

volume = {48},

number = {470},

pages = {1173-1198},

abstract = {Planktonic nitrogen productivity and regeneration were measured with 15NO3, 15NH4 and 15N-urea tracers during the Spring Intermonsoon (SI) and Southwest Monsoon (SWM) seasons in the northern Arabian Sea from the Omani coast southeast to 10§N. On an areal basis, new (nitrate) productivity and the nitrogen f-ratio varied from 0.1 to 13 mmol m-2 d-1 and 0.03 to 0.4, respectively. Including urea in total nitrogen uptake lowered the f-ratio by 29% on average for individual samples, and during the SI was most important in offshore regions. The lowest nitrate productivity rates also were measured in offshore regions during the SI, where low, but detectable, nitrate levels limited uptake. The onset of the SWM was associated with an order of magnitude increase in nitrate uptake seaward of the Findlater Jet as compared to the SI. Apparently, the positive effect of the increased availability of nitrate and the Ekman transport of established phytoplankton populations to the region more than offset the degraded light conditions caused by the deep (>80 m) mixed layers. Despite the increases in offshore nitrate uptake, both a budget of surface particulate material and 234Th POC flux estimates indicated that the mid- SWM reduced the efficiency of material export from surface waters and disrupted the linkage between new production and export that was evident in the SI. In the mid-SWM, new production mainly accumulated in deeply mixed surface waters offshore, and may be responsible for the well documented lag between the onset of the SWM and export. In the coastal upwelling region, new production rates were significantly greater during the SWM only near filaments of coastal water advected offshore. Ammonium regeneration rates and concentrations increased significantly in coastal regions during the SWM, and nitrification likely was a significant sink for some of the ammonium produced there. The transport of some of the remainder of this reduced nitrogen offshore would fuel nitrogen production without having an impact on local respiration. This is one of several factors that may confound the comparison of new and net production in coastal regions during the early SWM.  },

keywords = {Arabian Sea, budget, impact, population, populations, productivity, respiration, Upwelling},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Phycoerythrin-containing picocyanobacteria in the Arabian Sea in February 1995: diel patterns, spatial variability, and growth rates},

author = {Sherry,N.D.,Wood,A.M.},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},

volume = {48 },

number = {225},

pages = {1263-1283},

abstract = {The abundance of phycoerythrin-containing picocyanobacteria in the surface mixed layer was measured both along-shore and offshore between 8 and 23 February 1995 in the Northwestern Arabian Sea. Water samples from 3m depth were taken at 2-h intervals and picocyanobacterial abundance and frequency of dividing cells were determined by epifluorescence microscopy. Cell counts showed an average diel change from a mid-day minimum of ~50'103 cells ml-1 to an evening maximum of ~180'103 cells ml-1. The diel change was greater than the differences observed between physically and spatially discrete water masses. By counting the frequency of dividing cells (FDC) and using a novel approach to estimating the length of time required to complete cell division, growth and loss rates were both estimated to be ~2.9 d-1 with daily turnover being 140% of the mean standing stock. If differences in the intrinsic population growth rate (æ) and the net rate of change in cell number (r) are assumed to be due to grazing, then grazing occurred throughout the day at a relatively constant rate (reflecting phytoplankton loss rates of ~0.12 h-1). Cell division rates peaked in the late afternoon and early evening. FDC decreased throughout the night, suggesting that dark-inhibition of cell division is weak or nonexistent in the picocyanobacteria we studied. While all cell types included in this study would be identified as Synechococcus by flow cytometry because they were small unicells with bright phycoerythrin fluorescence, morphological variability suggests that the community was actually taxonomically diverse and included cells other than Synechococcus, including Synechocystis. Despite this diversity, the strong diel patterns we observed persisted throughout the study region, suggesting that great care should be taken when interpreting picocyanobacterial survey data and experimental results that do not account for the e!ects of time-of-day.},

keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, depth, diel, growth, length, population, survey},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Oman's humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) },

author = {Baldwin,R.M.},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {The Journal of Oman Studies},

volume = {11 },

number = {316},

pages = {11-18},

abstract = {Data are presented on the general distribution and abundance of humpback whales off the coast of the Sultanate of Oman, with particular reference to observations made during an offshore seismic survey in the Arabian Sea in November 1997. Additional information is presented on seasonal occurrence, ecology and behaviour, external appearance, conservation, mortality, incidental capture, population status and identity of Oman's humpback whales. The data generally support the notion of year-round residency of humpback whales off the coast of Oman, but indicate the need for further research to establish whether the low frequency of positive records during summer months is a true reflection of seasonal distribution. Other research on humpback whales in the region is recommended.},

keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, behaviour, conservation, Distribution, ecology, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, incidental capture, megaptera novaeangliae, mortality, occurrence, Oman, population, population identity, status, survey, whale, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Distribution, abundance, and feeding ecology of decapods in the Arabian Sea, with implications for vertical flux},

author = {Mincks,S.L.,Bollens,S.M.,Madin,L.P.,Horgan,E.,Butler,M.,Kremer,P.M.,Craddock,J.E.},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},

volume = {47},

number = {158},

pages = {1475-1516},

abstract = {Macrozooplankton and micronekton samples were collected on two cruises in the Arabian Sea conducted during the Spring Intermonsoon period (May) and the SW Monsoon period (August) of 1995. Discrete depth samples were collected down to depths of 1000-1500 m. Quantitative gut content analyses were performed on four species of decapod shrimps, Gennadas sordidus, Sergia filictum, Sergia creber, and Eupasiphae gilesii, as well as on the pelagic crab Charybdis smithii. Of the shrimps, only S. filictum and S. creber increased significantly in abundance between the Spring Intermonsoon and SW Monsoon seasons. These four species were found at all depths sampled, and most did not appear to be strong vertical migrators. G. sordidus and S. filictum did appear to spread upward at night, especially during the SW Monsoon, but this movement did not include the entire population. S. creber showed signs of diel vertical migration only in some areas. All four shrimp species except, to some degree, S. creber lived almost exclusively within the oxygen minimum zone(150-1000 m), and are likely to have respiratory adaptations that allow them to persist under such conditions. Feeding occurred at all depths throughout these species' ranges, but only modest feeding occurred in the surface layer (0-150 m). G. sordidus appeared to feed continuously throughout the day and night. Estimated contribution of fecal material to vertical flux ranged from < 0.01-2.1% of particulate flux at 1000 m for the shrimps and 1.8-3.0% for C. smithii. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. .},

keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, depth, Distribution, ecology, feeding ecology, migration, oxygen minimum, population, zooplankton},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Picophytoplankton dynamics and production in the Arabian Sea during the 1995 Southwest Monsoon},

author = {Brown,S.L.,Landry,M.R.,Barber,R.T.,Campbell,L.,Garrison,D.L.,Gowing,M.M.},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},

volume = {46},

number = {56},

pages = {1745-1768},

abstract = {Phytoplankton community structure is expected to shift to larger cells (e.g., diatoms) with monsoonal forcing in the Arabian Sea, but recent studies suggest that small primary producers remain active and important, even in areas strongly influenced by coastal upwelling. To better understand the role of smaller phytoplankton in such systems, we investigated growth and grazing rates of picophytoplankton populations and their contributions to phytoplankton community biomass and primary productivity during the 1995 Southwest Monsoon (August-September). Environmental conditions at six study stations varied broadly from openocean oligotrophic to coastal eutrophic, with mixed-layer nitrate and chlorophyll concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 11.5 æM NO3 and 0.16 to 1.5 æg Chl a. Picophytoplankton comprised up to 92% of phytoplankton carbon at the oceanic stations, 35% in the diatom dominated coastal zone, and 26% in a declining Phaeocystis bloom. Concurrent in situ dilution and 14C-uptake experiments gave comparable ranges of community growth rates (0.53-1.05 d-1 and 0.44-1.17 d-1, to the 1% light level), but uncertainties in C:Chl a confounded agreement at individual stations. Microzooplankton grazing utilized 81% of community phytoplankton growth at the oligotrophic stations and 54% at high-nutrient coastal stations. Prochlorococcus (PRO) was present at two oligotrophic stations, where its maximum growth approached 1.4 d-1 (two doublings per day) and depth-integrated growth varied from 0.2 to 0.8 d-1. Synechococcus (SYN) growth ranged from 0.5 to 1.1 d-1 at offshore stations and 0.6 to 0.7 d-1 at coastal sites. Except for the most oligotrophic stations, growth rates of picoeukaryotic algae (PEUK) exceeded PRO and SYN, reaching 1.3 d-1 offshore and decreasing to 0.8 d-1 at the most coastal station. Microzooplankton grazing impact averaged 90, 70, and 86% of growth for PRO, SYN, and PEUK, respectively. Picoplankton as a group accounted for 64% of estimated gross carbon production for all stations, and 50% at highnutrient, upwelling stations. Prokaryotes (PRO and SYN) contributed disproportionately to production relative to biomass at the most oligotrophic station, while PEUK were more important at the coastal stations. Even during intense monsoonal forcing in the Arabian Sea, picoeukaryotic algae appear to account for a large portion of primary production in the coastal upwelling regions, supporting an active community of protistan grazers and a high rate of carbon cycling in these areas.  },

keywords = {Arabian Sea, chlorophyll, growth, impact, Oceanic, population, populations, productivity, Upwelling},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Baleen whales: conservation issues and the status of the most endangered populations },

author = {Phillip Clapham, Sharon Young, Robert L. Brownell Jr},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00035.x},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

urldate = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Mammal Review},

volume = {29 },

number = {69},

pages = {35-60},

abstract = {Most species of baleen whales were subject to intensive overexploitation by commercial whaling in this and previous centuries, and many populations were reduced to small fractions of their original sizes. Here, we review the status of baleen whale stocks, with an emphasis on those that are known or thought to be critically endangered. Current data suggest that, of the various threats potentially affecting baleen whales, only entanglement in fishing gear and ship strikes may be significant at the population level, and then only in those populations which are already at critically low abundance. The impact of some problems (vessel harassment, and commercial or aboriginal whaling) is at present probably minor. For others (contaminants, habitat degradation, disease), existing data either indicate no immediate cause for concern, or are insufficient to permit an assessment. While the prospect for many baleen whales appears good, there are notable exceptions: populations that are of greatest concern are those suffering from low abundance and associated problems, including (in some cases) anthropogenic mortality. These include: all Northern Right N hales Eubalaena glacialis. Bowhead Whales Balaena mysticetus of the Okhotsk Sea and various eastern Arctic populations. western Gray Whales Eschrichtius robustus, and probably many Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus populations. We review the status of these populations and. where known, the issues potentially affecting their recovery. Although Humpback Whales Megaptera novaeangliae and Southern Right Whales Eubalaena australis were also heavily exploited by whaling. existing data indicate strong recovery in most studied populations of these species.},

keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, Arctic, Balaena mysticetus, baleen whale, baleen whales, Blue whale, bowhead whale, bowhead whales, conservation, contaminants, disease, endangered, Entanglement, Eubalaena glacialis, fishing gear, gray whales, habitat degradation, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, mortality, Okhotsk Sea, population, populations, right whale, right whales, ship-strike, southern right whales, status, stocks, whale, whales, whaling},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Energetics and growth kinetics of a deep Prochlorococcus spp. population in the Arabian Sea},

author = {Johnson,Z.,Landry,M.L.,Bidigare,R.R.,Brown,S.L.,Campbell,L.,Gunderson,J.,Marra,J.,Trees,C.},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},

volume = {46},

number = {129},

pages = {1719-1743},

abstract = {During the US JGOFS process studies in the Arabian Sea (1995), secondary fluorescence maxima (SFM) were observed frequently at the oxic-anoxic interface at the extreme base of the euphotic zone. These secondary peaks were most prominent during the early NE monsoon in the central oligotrophic portion of the Arabian Sea, although they were spatially and temporally variable. Based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and flow cytometry analyses, SFM were determined to be populated almost exclusively by the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus spp. While SFM were about half the magnitude of primary fluorescence peaks, chlorophyll a biomass was typically an order of magnitude less than at the primary maxima (although total chlorophyll (a + b) differed only by a factor of two). Photosynthesis versus irradiance response curves revealed an efficient population adapted to extremely low light (~0.02-0.05% surface irradiance) largely through increased light absorption capabilities. A theoretical spectral irradiance absorption effciency model based on available spectral irradiance, individual cell properties, and bulk particulate spectral absorption also supports a well-adapted low-light population. Deck-incubated C-14 uptake as well as dilution growth experiments revealed instantaneous growth rates on the order of æ = 0.01 d-1. However, additional in situ observations suggest SFM populations may be more dynamic than the growth rates estimates from shipboard bottle incubations predict. We advance four hypotheses for the regulation of SFM populations including: (1) reduced loss rates, (2) discontinuous environmental conditions, (3) enhanced sub-oxic growth, and (4) physical mechanisms.},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, chlorophyll, growth, marine, performance, population, populations},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Fluorescence-based characterization of phycoerythrin-containing cyanobacterial communities in the Arabian Sea during the Northeast and early Southwest Monsoon (1994-1995)},

author = {Wood,A.M.,Lipsen,M.,Coble,P.},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},

volume = {46},

number = {265},

pages = {1769-1790},

abstract = {Scanning fluorescence spectroscopy was used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability in the fluorescence signature of phycoerythrin-containing organisms in the Arabian Sea during the early Northeast and early Southwest Monsoon (1994-1995). Phycoerythrin (PE) emission spectra were relatively invariant among all the samples collected on either cruise; the relatively symmetrical PE emission peaks showed maxima at wavelengths ranging from 563-572 nm. PE excitation spectra always showed either a strong shoulder or a peak at wavelengths absorbed maximally by phycourobilin (PUB) chromophores as well as a peak at wavelengths absorbed maximally by phycoerythrobilin (PEB) chromophores. Thus, the Arabian Sea appears to be different from the Black Sea or Gulf of Maine in that PUB-lacking forms of PE rarely, if ever, dominate the PE signal. Fluorescence excitation signatures differed in the relative excitation of PE emission by wavelengths absorbed by PUB (~495 nm, ExPUB) and bywavelengths absorbed by PEB (~550 nm, ExPEB); these were distinguished by having either very low (~0.6), very high (~1.8), or intermediate ExPUB:ExPEB ratios. The distribution of samples with different PE fluorescence signatures was investigated extensively during the early Southwest Monsoon, and communities characterized by the low ExPUB:ExPEB ratios were closely associated with cooler (24-27§C), fresher (35.7-36.25 psu) water influenced by coastal upwelling. In general, "ambient" surface water of the Arabian Sea during the early Southwest Monsoon was of intermediate temperature (27-29§C) and salinity (36.15-36.4 psu) and showed intermediate or high values for ExPUB :ExPEB. This suggests that the PE fluorescence signature can be used to follow the fate of upwelling-influenced water masses and the populations they transport.  },

keywords = {Arabian Sea, Distribution, Gulf of Maine, population, populations, salinity, temperature, Upwelling},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Feeding ecology of the copepod},

author = {Gowing,M.M.,Wishner,K.F.},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},

volume = {45 },

number = {105},

pages = {2433},

abstract = {Feeding ecology of the calanoid copepod Lucicutia aff. L. grandis collected in the Arabian Sea at one station during the Spring Intermonsoon and during the Southwest Monsoon of 1995 was studied with transmission electron microscopy of gut-contents. Highest abundances of these animals occurred from 400 to 1100 m, near the lower interface of the oxygen minimum zone and at the inflection point where oxygen starts to increase. We expected that their gut-contents would include particles and cells that had sunk relatively undegraded from surface waters as well as those from within the oxygen minimum zone, and that gut-contents would differ between the Spring Intermonsoon and the more productive SW Monsoon. Overall, in both seasons Lucicutia aff. L. grandis was omnivorous, and consumed a variety of detrital particles, prokaryotic and eukaryotic autotrophs, gram-negative bacteria including metal-precipitating bacteria, aggregates of probable gram-positive bacteria, microheterotrophs, virus-like particles and large virus-like particles, as well as cuticle and cnidarian tissue. Few significant differences in types of food consumed were seen among life stages within or among various depth zones. Amorphous, unidentifiable material was significantly more abundant in guts during the Spring Intermonsoon than during the late SW Monsoon, and recognizable cells made up a significantly higher portion of gut-contents during the late SW Monsoon. This is consistent with the Intermonsoon as a time when organic material is considerably re-worked by the surface water microbial loop before leaving the euphotic zone. In both seasons Lucicutia aff. L. grandis had consumed what appeared to be aggregates of probable gram-positive bacteria, similar to those we had previously found in gut-contents of several species of zooplankton from the oxygen minimum zone in the eastern tropical Pacific. By intercepting sinking material, populations of Lucicutia aff. L. grandis act as a filter for carbon sinking to the sea floor. They also},

keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, depth, eastern tropical Pacific, ecology, feeding ecology, oxygen minimum, population, populations, zooplankton},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the Arabian Sea},

author = {Mikhalev,Y.A.},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},

volume = {149},

number = {154},

pages = {13-21},

abstract = {The population identity of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the Arabian Sea has long been a matter of dispute. New information is presented from this region, based upon whaling and observations conducted by the Soviet Union, primarily in November 1966. In that month, a total of 238 humpbacks were killed off the coasts of Oman, Pakistan and northwestern India; 4 others were killed in 1965. Biological examination of these whales showed that they differed significantly from Antarctic humpbacks in terms of size, coloration, body scars and pathology. In addition, analysis of the length distribution of 38 foetuses indicates that the reproductive cycle of the Arabian Sea whales was unequivocally that of a northern hemisphere population. Mean lengths were 12.8 m for males (range: 9.5 to 14.9 m, n = 126) and 13.3 m for females (range: 9.5 to 15.2 m, n = 112). All whales 12.5 m or more in length were sexually mature. Among 97 females examined, 12 (12.4%) were immature. Of the 85 mature females, 39 (45.9%) were pregnant, 3 (3.5%) were lactating, and 43 (50.6%) were resting. A more plausible pregnancy rate, adjusted for underrepresentation of lactating females, was estimated at 39%. A majority of stomachs examined contained food, including euphausiids and fish. Overall, the data presented here argue strongly that Arabian Sea humpbacks constitute a discrete population which remains in tropical waters year-round, a situation which is unique for this species.},

keywords = {Antarctic, Arabian Sea, Distribution, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, India, Indian Ocean, length, megaptera novaeangliae, Northern Hemisphere, Oman, Pakistan, pathology, population, Population Biology, population identity, reproduction, whale, whales, whaling},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Sightings of },

author = {Smeenk,C.,Addink,M.J.,Van den Berg,A.B.,Bosman C.A.W.,Cad‚e,G.C.},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-01-01},

journal = {Bonn.Zool.Beitr.},

number = {232},

pages = {389 -398},

abstract = {Delphinus tropicalis Van Bree, 1971 is an extremely long-beaked form occurring in neritic habitats in the northern Indian Ocean and neighbouring seas.  In June 1984 and March 1993 we observed dolphins in the southern Red Sea which agreed with the external characters described for this form.  The animals were identified with tropicalis by their most prominent feature: a very long beak as compared to D. delphis L., the taxonomic history and distribution of D. tropicalis is reviewed.  A limited study of six Delphinus skulls from the Arabian peninsula suggests that D. tropicalis and D. capensis cannot be readily separated.  It is suggested that D. tropicalis may constitute a very long-beaked form or population of D. capensis.},

keywords = {Arabia, D.capensis, Delphinus tropicalis, Distribution, Indian Ocean, population, Red Sea, skulls, taxonomy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {On the ecology and feeding habits of the euphausiids (Crustacea) in the Arabian Sea (Zur Okologie und Eranhrungsbiologie der Euphausiaceen (Crustacea) im Arabischen Meer)},

author = {Weigmann,R.},

year  = {1970},

date = {1970-01-01},

journal = {Meteor Forschungsergeb.},

volume = {5},

number = {498},

pages = {11-52},

abstract = {In the present paper, the ecology and feeding habits of euphausiids are described. The samples were taken at the time of the NE-monsoon (1964/65) by R. V. 'Meteor' in the Arabian Sea and adjacent waters. 24 spp were determined. According to distribution of the spp, the following marine areas can be distinguished: Arabian Sea: 24 spp, dominant are Euphausia diomedeae, E. tenera, E. distinguenda,  Stylocheiron carinatum. Gulf of Aden: 1 0 spp, dominant are Euphausia diomedeae, E. distinguenda.  Red Sea: 6 spp, dominant are Euphausia diomedeae, E. distinguena. Gulf of Oman: 5 spp, dominant are Euphausia distinguenda, Pseudeuphausia latifrons. Persian Gulf: 1 sp- Pseudeuphausia latifrons. The total number of euphausiids indicate the biomass of this group. High densities of euphausiids (200-299 and > 300 individuals/l00 m super(3)) occur in the innermost part of  the Gulf of Aden, in the area south of the Euqator near the African east coast, near Karachi (Indian west coast) and in the Persian Gulf.   Comparison with data relating to production biology confirms that these are eutrophic zones which coincide with areas in which upwelling occurs at the time of the NE-monsoon. The central part of the Arabian Sea differs from adjacent waters by virtue of less dense euphasiid populations (>199 individuals/lOO m super(3)). Measurements relating to production biology demonstrate a relatively low concentration of primary food sources. Food material was ascertained by analysis of stomach content. The following omnivorous species were examined: Euphausia diomedeae, E. distinguenda, E. tenera, Pseudeuphausia latifronts and Thysanopoda tricuspidata. Apart from crustacean remains large numbers  of Foraminifera, Radiolaria, tintinnids, dinoflagellates were found in the stomachs. Quantitatively crustaceans form the most important item in the diet. Food selection on the basis of size an form appears to be restricted to certain genera of tintinnids. The genera Stylocheiron and Nematoscelis are predators. Only crustacean remains were found in the stomachs of Stylocheiron abbreviatum, whereas Radiolaria, Foraminifera and tintinnids occurred to some extent in Nematoscelis sp. Different euphauisiids occupy different positions in the food chain in the Arabian Sea. In omnivorous species the position is variable, since they not only feed by filtering autotrophic and heterotrophic Protista, but also by predation on zooplankton. Carnivorous spp without filtering apparatus feed exclusively on zooolankton of the size of copepods. Only these spp are well established as occupying a higher position in food chain. The parasrtlc protozoan Thalassomyces fagei was found on Euphausia diomedeae, E. tenera, E. distinguenda and E. sanzoi.},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, biology, density, diet, Distribution, ecology, Euphausiid, feeding, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, marine, Oman, population, populations, predation, Red Sea, Upwelling, zooplankton},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Whales observed in the Indian Ocean: notes on their distribution},

author = {Brown,S.G.},

year  = {1957},

date = {1957-01-01},

journal = {The Marine Observer},

volume = {27},

number = {339},

pages = {157-165},

abstract = {The paper provides a summary of the results of a questionnaire put to merchant ships and other vessels, 80 of which provided their track data.  These vessels apparently had someone on watch during all daylight hours and reported all their cetacean sightings.  The authors feel confident that while some sightings could not be identified to species level, a distinction could be drawn between sperm, humpback and "rorqual" whales.  The "search effort" and sightings of the ships are plotted in the paper, with the majority of search effort and a high concentration of sightings occurring in the Gulf of Aden and S coast of Oman.  Only two humpback whale sightings are recorded for the Northern Arabian sea - one near the horn of Africa/Somalia, and one near Sharbitat/Likbe.  An additional string 4 of humpback whale sightings are recorded off the SW coast of India in the region of the Laccadive Islands.The author himself concludes: "There is apparently no great difference in the overall density of the large whale populations per unit area north and south of the equator. The highest concentrations of whales in the Indian Ocean occur in the Gulf of Aden and its approaches, the Arabian Sea and in the zone between South Africa and Australia. The least concentration is found in the Central Indian Ocean.  In summer the concentration of baleen whales in the Antarctic is very many times greater than in the Indian Ocean but there is much less difference in winter . The number of sperm whales in the ocean as a whole seems not to outnumber that of the different species of baleen whales combined. Humpback whales and rorquals are found unexpectedly far north, on the supposition that they all belong to the southern hemisphere populations. Rorquals have been observed right across the 30ø to 40ø S. zone between South Africa and Australia where ships might be expected to intercept them occasionally during their migrations."},

keywords = {Antarctic, Arabian Sea, Australia, baleen whales, Central Indian Ocean, cetacean, density, Distribution, Gulf of Aden, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, India, Indian Ocean, Oman, population, South Africa, Southern Hemisphere, sperm whale, sperm whales, whale, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}