@article{,

title = {Cetacean bycatch in Indian Ocean tuna gillnet fisheries},

author = {Anderson, Charles,Herrera, Miguel,Ilangakoon, Anoukchika,Koya, KM,Moazzam, M,Mustika, Putu L,Sutaria, Dipani N},

url = {https://www.int-res.com/prepress/n01008.html},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01008},

issn = {1863-5407},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Endangered Species Research},

volume = {41},

number = {292},

pages = {39-53},

abstract = {Pelagic gillnet (driftnet) fisheries account for some 34% of Indian Ocean tuna catches. We combine published results from 10 bycatch sampling programmes (1981–2016) in Australia, Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan to estimate bycatch rates for cetaceans across all Indian Ocean tuna gillnet fisheries. Estimated cetacean bycatch peaked at almost 100,000 individuals yr–1 during 2004–2006, but has declined by over 15% since then, despite an increase in tuna gillnet fishing effort. These fisheries caught an estimated cumulative total of 4.1 million small cetaceans between 1950 and 2018. These bycatch estimates take little or no account of cetaceans caught by gillnet but not landed, of delayed mortality or sub-lethal impacts on cetaceans (especially whales) that escape from gillnets, of mortality associated with ghost nets, of harpoon catches made from gillnetters, nor of mortality from other tuna fisheries. Total cetacean mortality from Indian Ocean tuna fisheries may therefore be substantially higher than estimated here. Declining cetacean bycatch rates suggest that such levels of mortality are not sustainable. Indeed, mean small cetacean abundance may currently be 13% of pre-fishery levels. None of these estimates are precise, but they do demonstrate the likely order of magnitude of the issue. Countries with the largest current gillnet catches of tuna, and thus the ones likely to have the largest cetacean bycatch are (in order): Iran, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Oman, Yemen, UAE and Tanzania. These 9 countries together may account for roughly 96% of all cetacean bycatch from tuna gillnet fisheries across the Indian Ocean. },

keywords = {Bycatch, Estimates, Extrapolation, Gill net, gillnet, Indian Ocean, mortality, Observer programmes, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Trends, tuna fishery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Whale Distribution in the Northern Arabian Sea along Coast of Pakistan in 2019 based on the information obtained through Fisheries Crew-Based Observer Programme},

author = {Moazzam Khan ,Rab Nawaz, Babar Khan, Sudheer Ahmed. },

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341776439_Whale_Distribution_in_the_Northern_Arabian_Sea_along_Coast_of_Pakistan_in_2019_based_on_the_information_obtained_through_Fisheries_Crew-Based_Observer_Programme},

isbn = { SC/67A/CMP/05},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Document presented to the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

volume = {SC/68B/CMP/08},

number = {170},

pages = {11},

institution = {Document presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission},

abstract = {In 2012 WWF-Pakistan initiated an observer programme to monitor tuna gillnet operations in the coastal and offshore waters of Pakistan. Among other things, these observers were assigned to report observations of whales encountered during fishing operations. These vessels (with onboard observers) provided a platform of opportunity for recording the spatial and temporal distribution of whales in the Northern Arabian Sea. During 2019 a total of 7 sightings of Arabian Sea humpback whales, 1 sighting each of blue whales and Bryde’s whales, 6 sightings of sperm whales,8 sightings of baleen whales (that could not be identified to species level due to lack of adequate photographic or video evidence) and 3 records of entanglement and mortality of Cuvier’s beaked whales..

Fewer whales were recorded through the programme in 2019  than 2018 and 2017 when a total of 35 and 95 sightings of whale were recorded respectively. This decrease in sightings is attributed to many factors, including early closure of the fishing season in early April 2019 because of  low catches and unreliable prices of tuna in the market. As such the fishery was closed for four months from mid-April to mid-August instead of the usual two months of June and July.

Extremely high sea surface temperatures during September to October 2019 (possibly an oceanic heat wave) were believed to be the cause of reduced tuna catches. Therefore, only a few tuna boats remained operational  during this period. An unprecedented jellyfish bloom of Crambionella orsini  from September 2019 onward forced fishermen to stop fishing operations during this period. Furthermore, the observer programme was completed on September, 2019, after which only 45 out of 75 observers voluntarily continued to provide information about sightings. The paper also reports on two baleen whale strandings - a Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera brydei) stranded on the rocky shore at Gunz, western coast of Pakistan and a blue whale in Pushukan, Gwadar (West Bay).},

keywords = {Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, balaenoptera edeni, Bryde's whale, Bycatch, Entanglement, Humpback Whale, megaptera novaeangliae, Observer programmes, Pakistan},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Assessment of beach-cast cetaceans in Pakistan: implications for conservation and management},

author = {Gore, M. A.,Culloch, R,Gray, H.,Hoelzel, A. R.,Lockyer, C.,Kiani, M. S.,Waqas, U,Hussain, B,Rahim, Abdul,Shah, A.,Ormond, R. F.},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Cetacean Research and Management},

volume = {16},

number = {104},

pages = {1-7},

abstract = {Until recently, little was known about the distribution and species occurrence of marine cetaceans in Pakistani waters, an area which needed to be

addressed exigently given its inclusion in the Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary. Boat-based surveys (2005–09) carried out along the coast of Pakistan

identified 12 species of cetaceans. Although these surveys can be very useful for providing information on species presence and distribution,

estimates of the age and sex of these groups can be more uncertain. Consequently, this present study undertook complementary beach-based surveys

over the same period across all accessible regions of the Pakistani coast and created a community reporting scheme for stranded and beach-cast

remains of cetaceans. Tissue samples and/or skeletal material were collected over three years from 37 individual specimens, with DNA successfully

extracted from 24. Using molecular techniques, a total of seven species were identified and there was an indication that the majority of the samples

were from males. An analysis of teeth collected from 12 beach-cast odontocetes showed an age range between neonatal and 17 years. The results

of this study corroborate the presence of species observed during the boat-based surveys and identified a further three species. The data also provide

additional information on age and sex. A comparison with similar studies suggests that the stranding rate is low in Pakistan. No mass strandings

occurred during the seven year monitoring period. The results indicate that beach-based surveys are effective for gathering data on species presence

in regions where resources are limited, the terrain is harsh and availability of data is low. Ultimately, the results of this work will help with assessing

the conservation status and management requirements of the region’s cetaceans, both locally and internationally with respect to the Indian Ocean

Whale Sanctuary. Species identified were 4 bottlenose

dolphins (Tursiops sp.), 6 long-beaked common dolphins, 1

spinner dolphin, 4 Indian Ocean humpback dolphins, 1 pantropical

spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) and 5 Bryde’s

whales},

keywords = {aging, Arabian Sea, balaenoptera edeni, beach survey, Bryde’s whale, carcass analysis, genetics, Pakistan, stranding},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Taking and Importing of Marine Mammals and Dolphin-Safe Tuna Products },

author = {NOAA},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Federal Register},

volume = {81},

number = {421},

pages = {3},

abstract = { The Assistant Administrator

for Fisheries, NMFS, (Assistant

Administrator) has issued a

determination, under the Dolphin

Protection Consumer Information Act

(DPCIA), of regular and significant

mortality and serious injury of dolphins

in gillnet fisheries harvesting tuna by

vessels flagged under the Governments

of India, Iran, Mozambique, Pakistan,

Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka,

Tanzania, the United Arab Emirates,

and Yemen. This determination triggers

additional documentation requirements

for tuna product from those fisheries

that is exported from or offered for sale

in the United States, including that such

tuna must be accompanied by a written

statement executed by an observer

participating in a national or

international program acceptable to the

Assistant Administrator, in addition to

such statement by the captain of the

vessel, that certifies that no dolphins

were killed or seriously injured in the

sets or other gear deployments in which

the tuna were caught and certain other

required information regarding dolphin

interactions and segregation of tuna.

These determinations were based on

review of scientific information and,

when available, documentary evidence

submitted by the relevant government. },

keywords = {Arabian Sea, Bycatch, Fisheries, India, Marine mammals, NIO, Observer programmes, Oman, Pakistan, reporting scheme, Tanzania, tuna fishery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {First confirmation of occurrence of the pan-tropical spotted dolphin, },

author = {Kiani, S. M.,Iqbal, P.,Siddiqui, P. J. A.},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Marine Biodiversity Records},

volume = {4},

number = {133},

pages = {doi:10.1017/S1755267211000601},

abstract = {The pan-tropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata is typically found in deep tropical and warm temperate waters and has been previously confirmed from the waters of most of Pakistan's neighbouring countries. However, to date, there has been no record of this species from Pakistan. This paper reports the first confirmed occurrence of this species in Pakistani waters, specifically a mass stranding event of 200–250 animals on 6 March 2009. The animals live stranded and all except two were rescued. These possibly died as a result of being stranded for a long time on the beach in hot, arid conditions that generally prevail along the coastline of Pakistan. All the animals appeared healthy but the exact cause of this mass stranding event could not be determined. Being the first confirmed record of this species in Pakistan, this information is an important addition and consideration for the Pakistan Biodiversity Action Plan.},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, mass mortality, naval activity, Pakistan, spotted dolphin, stenella attenuata},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {New records of neonatal and juvenile whale sharks (},

author = {Rowat, D.,Gore, M. A.,Baloch, B. B.,Islam, Z.,Ahmad, E.,Ali, Q. M.,Culloch, R. M.,Hameed, S.,Hasnain, S.,Hussain, B.,Kiani, S.,Siddiqui, J.,Ormond, R. F.,Henn, N.,Khan, M.},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Environ. Biol. Fish.},

number = {216},

pages = {5},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Pakistan, whale sharks},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {What killed Karachi's Dolphins?},

author = {Shanton,A.},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Natura},

volume = {27},

number = {222},

pages = {18-19},

abstract = {The article describes the stranding of 14 dolphins near Karachi.  Gill Braulik, of WWF Pakistan examined 9 of them and various possible causes of mortality are suggested, including a harmful algal bloom, oil spill, general pollution and outflow from a nearby generation plant.  The species involved are not specified.},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, dolphins, Harmful Algal Bloom, Pakistan},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Harmful algal bloom (HAB) organisms of the North Arabian Sea bordering Pakistan - },

author = {Chaghtai, F.,Saifullah, S.M},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Pakistan Journal of Botany},

volume = {33},

number = {67},

pages = {69-75},

abstract = {only},

keywords = {algae, HABs, Pakistan, ted tide},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Processes controlling the distribution and cycling of manganese in the oxygen minimum zone of the Arabian Sea},

author = {Lewis,B.L.,Luther III,G.W.},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},

volume = {47},

number = {400},

pages = {1541-1561},

abstract = {Vertical and horizontal distributions of dissolved and particulate manganese were investigated in the Arabian Sea (Northwestern Indian Ocean) during the 1995 Spring Intermonsoon period (March-April; US JGOFS Process Cruise 2; TN045). The region is characterized by an intense, basin-wide oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) that strongly influences the manganese distribution. In the OMZ, two distinct dissolved Mn (d-Mn) maxima were observed, at depths of 200-300 m and 600 m, respectively. The latter peak displayed concentration maxima of approximately 6 nanomolar and was largely confined to stations north of 19§N latitude (Stations N2-N7). This mid-depth maximum was associated with the low oxygen core of the OMZ ([O2] < ~ 2 æM), and appears to be maintained by a southward horizontal advective -diffusive flux of dissolved manganese from highly reducing Pakistan margin sediments, rather than input from the Oman Margin as previously suggested by Saager et al. (1989, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 2259-2267). This signal was largely absent at stations along the southern transect, likely due to oxidative scavenging of d-Mn to the suspended particulate phase. Mid-depth particulate Mn maxima at some southern stations (Stations S4-S11) appear to be remnants of this feature. The upper d-Mn maximum (200-300 m depth) was more widely distributed than the 600 m peak, with d-Mn concentrations of ~ 3 to as high as 8 nm at most stations east of about 62§E longitude. The signal was everywhere correlated with the secondary nitrite maximum, at stations within the main denitrification zone delineated by Naqvi (1991). Nepheloid layers, presumably bacterial, also were associated with this depth interval. Particulate Mn profiles displayed corresponding concentration minima and low Mn/Al and reactive/refractory Mn ratios for this same depth interval, suggesting reductive dissolution of Mn-oxyhydroxides. These observations imply that in situ microbially mediated processes may be the predominant source of d-Mn in the upper OMZ, while horizontal advection is more important deeper in the water column.  },

keywords = {Arabian Sea, depth, Distribution, Indian Ocean, Oman, oxygen minimum, Pakistan},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Mangroves of Pakistan-Iran border near Gulf of Oman},

author = {Saifullah, S.M.,Rasool, F.},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Pakistan Journal of Botany},

volume = {32},

number = {465},

pages = {227-234},

abstract = {only},

keywords = {Iran, Mangroves, Pakistan},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Sea Dolphins of Pakistan},

author = {Khani,A.M.Q.},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Biopsphere Quarterly Magazine},

volume = {Oct-Dec},

number = {132},

pages = {4-9},

abstract = {The article describes some of the results of a privately funded (amateur enthusiasts?) survey for dolphins on the Pakistan coastline in 1997.  Motorized boats and aircraft were used.  Descriptions of encounters with bottlenose, common, and humpback dolphins are described.  No details of effort or encounter rate are provided.  There is some discussion of potential threats and conservation concerns.},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, bottlenose dolphin, Common dolphin, conservation, humpback dolphins, Indian Ocean, Pakistan},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {A comparison of phytoplankton populations of the Arabian Sea during the Spring Intermonsoon and Southwest Monsoon of 1995 as described by HPLC-analyzed pigments},

author = {Latasa, Mikel.,Bidigare, Robert. R.},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Deep-Sea Research II},

volume = {45},

number = {141},

pages = {2133-2170},

keywords = {Arabia, Arabian Sea, Iran, Pakistan, Phytoplankton, Upwelling},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the Arabian Sea},

author = {Mikhalev,Y.A.},

year  = {1997},

date = {1997-01-01},

journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},

volume = {149},

number = {154},

pages = {13-21},

abstract = {The population identity of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in the Arabian Sea has long been a matter of dispute. New information is presented from this region, based upon whaling and observations conducted by the Soviet Union, primarily in November 1966. In that month, a total of 238 humpbacks were killed off the coasts of Oman, Pakistan and northwestern India; 4 others were killed in 1965. Biological examination of these whales showed that they differed significantly from Antarctic humpbacks in terms of size, coloration, body scars and pathology. In addition, analysis of the length distribution of 38 foetuses indicates that the reproductive cycle of the Arabian Sea whales was unequivocally that of a northern hemisphere population. Mean lengths were 12.8 m for males (range: 9.5 to 14.9 m, n = 126) and 13.3 m for females (range: 9.5 to 15.2 m, n = 112). All whales 12.5 m or more in length were sexually mature. Among 97 females examined, 12 (12.4%) were immature. Of the 85 mature females, 39 (45.9%) were pregnant, 3 (3.5%) were lactating, and 43 (50.6%) were resting. A more plausible pregnancy rate, adjusted for underrepresentation of lactating females, was estimated at 39%. A majority of stomachs examined contained food, including euphausiids and fish. Overall, the data presented here argue strongly that Arabian Sea humpbacks constitute a discrete population which remains in tropical waters year-round, a situation which is unique for this species.},

keywords = {Antarctic, Arabian Sea, Distribution, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, India, Indian Ocean, length, megaptera novaeangliae, Northern Hemisphere, Oman, Pakistan, pathology, population, Population Biology, population identity, reproduction, whale, whales, whaling},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) recorded off Sri Lanka, India, from the Arabian Sea and Gulf, Gulf of Aden and from the Red Sea },

author = {De Silva,P.H.D.H..},

year  = {1987},

date = {1987-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society},

volume = {84 },

number = {357},

pages = {505-525},

abstract = {Cetacea is a highly specialized oceanic group of mammals with several of its species undertaking long migrations, often exceeding thousand miles during a single journey. During these migrations from cold polar and subpolar seas to warmer tropical and subtropical waters and their return to polar seas in summer both individual and mass strandings have very often occurred in many parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, India and the Arabian Gulf. The Cetacean records dealt with in this paper are of countries which lie at the extreme southern margin of the vast land mass of Asia with no land other than a few islands and vast stretches of the Indian Ocean between them and the Antarctica. Sri Lanka, in view of her geographic position at the southern extremity of this vast land mass (5ø 55' and 9§51'N latitude and 79§41' and 81§ 54' E longitude) has become a passing point in the movement of oceanic species including the larger whales. It has been suggested by Deraniyagala (1945, 1960b) that the movement of larger species towards the tropics from the southern temperate zone is partly associated with the periodic influx of Antarctic water toward the tropics. It is however, now fairly established that several larger species such as the Blue whale, the Fin whale and the Humpback whale show a regular migratory cycle. The majority of strandings recorded in this paper deal with individual strandings. Nevertheless there have been instances of both mass stranding and of apparent suicidal behaviour. This paper deals with 30 Cetacean species from the region. Of these records, records from Sri Lanka total 23 species, from India 24 species, from Pakistan 17 species, from the Gulf of Oman 10 species, from the Arabian Gulf 9 species, from the Gulf of Aden 6 species and from the Red Sea 7 species. Reference is also made to a skull of Delphinus tropicalis van Bree in the Colombo Museum (Skull No. 15 B) which appears to be its first record from Sri Lanka. Mention is also made of a specimen of Neophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier) collected from the Wadge Bank by the Smithsonian Carangid Survey Team in March 1970 and of two incomplete skeletons of Balaenoptera physalus (Linn‚) (probably mother and calf) in the Zoological Museum, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All these specimens were identified by me. It is evident from this study that our present knowledge of the Cetacean fauna of the Indian Ocean is far from complete and that much could be accomplished by scientific institutions in the countries in the region by diligently maintaining proper records of sightings and strandings (with photographs) and by undertaking joint study surveys. It is gratifying to note that Sri Lanka, in recent years has been making much headway in this regard. During the last few years the Tulip Expedition led by Dr. Hal Whitehead has been studying the larger whales, especially the larger whales off the east coast and Dr. Stephen Leatherwood Of Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute (Marine Science), San Diego, California has recently published (1985) a summary of available information on the Cetacea of the Indian Ocean Cetacean Sanctuary on behalf of the National Aquatic Resources Agency for Sri Lanka. It is hoped that the present paper will further stimulate interest among the scientific institutions in the region and help to increase our knowledge of a group of remarkable animals at least as far as the species which inhabit and visit our seas.has become a passing point in the movement of oceanic species including the larger whales. It has been suggested by Deraniyagala (1945, 1960b) that the movement of larger species towards the tropics from the southern temperate zone is partly associated with the periodic influx of Antarctic water toward the tropics. It is however, now fairly established that several larger species such as the Blue whale, the Fin whale and the Humpback whale show a regular migratory cycle. The majority of strandings recorded in this paper deal with individual strandings. Nevertheless there have been instances of both mass stranding and of apparent suicidal behaviour. This paper deals with 30 Cetacean species from the region. Of these records, records from Sri Lanka total 23 species, from India 24 species, from Pakistan 17 species, from the Gulf of Oman 10 species, from the Arabian Gulf 9 species, from the Gulf of Aden 6 species and from the Red Sea 7 species. Reference is also made to a skull of Delphinus tropicalis van Bree in the Colombo Museum (Skull No. 15 B) which appears to be its first record from Sri Lanka. Mention is also made of a specimen of Neophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier) collected from the Wadge Bank by the Smithsonian Carangid Survey Team in March 1970 and of two incomplete skeletons of Balaenoptera physalus (Linn‚) (probably mother and calf) in the Zoological Museum, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All these specimens were identified by me. It is evident from this study that our present knowledge of the Cetacean fauna of the Indian Ocean is far from complete and that much could be accomplished by scientific institutions in the countries in the region by diligently maintaining proper records of sightings and strandings (with photographs) and by undertaking joint study surveys. It is gratifying to note that Sri Lanka, in recent years has been making much headway in this regard. During the last few years the Tulip Expedition led by Dr. Hal Whitehead has been studying the larger whales, especially the larger whales off the east coast and Dr. Stephen Leatherwood Of Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute (Marine Science), San Diego, California has recently published (1985) a summary of available information on the Cetacea of the Indian Ocean Cetacean Sanctuary on behalf of the National Aquatic Resources Agency for Sri Lanka. It is hoped that the present paper will further stimulate interest among the scientific institutions in the region and help to increase our knowledge of a group of remarkable animals at least as far as the species which inhabit and visit our seas. A key to the identification of the species recorded from the region is given in Appendix. },

keywords = {Antarctic, Arabia, Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, behaviour, Blue whale, cetacea, cetacean, cetaceans, Delphinus tropicalis, dolphin, dolphins, fin whale, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Humpback Whale, India, Indian Ocean, mammals, marine, migration, Neophocaena phocaenoides, Oceanic, Oman, Pakistan, Porpoise, Red Sea, sanctuaries, skull, Sri Lanka, stranding, Strandings, survey, whale, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Humpback whale - first record in Sind coastal waters.},

author = {Ali, Mohammad. Hamid.},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

journal = {WWF Pakistan Newsletter},

volume = {Vol. 3},

number = {4},

pages = {5-6},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, Humpback Whale, Pakistan, Strandings},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Record of Pseudorca crassidens off Karachi},

author = {Pilleri,G.,Gihr,M.},

year  = {1976},

date = {1976-01-01},

journal = {Investigations on Cetacea},

volume = {VII},

number = {189},

pages = {205-207},

abstract = {The paper reports on the finding of a Pseudorca skull found in 1974 in Kinger Duo on the Seaward side of the Indus Delta region in Pakistan.  At the time it was considered an extremely rarely encountered species in the Arabian Sea.  Skull measurements are provided, along with one other reference to a skull reported by Ferguson and Lydekker in 1903.},

keywords = {false killer whale, Indian Ocean, Pakistan, Pseudorca crassidens},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Cetologische Expedition zum Indus und Persischen Golf und Forschungsreise nach Goa und Thailand im Jahre 1973},

author = {Pilleri, G},

year  = {1973},

date = {1973-01-01},

journal = {Investigations on Cetacea},

volume = {5},

number = {188},

pages = {36-38},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, India, Indus Delta, Pakistan, Persian Gulf, Thailand},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Remarks on the distribution and migration of whales},

author = {Slijper,E.J.,Van Utrecht,W.L.,Naaktgeboren,C.},

year  = {1964},

date = {1964-01-01},

journal = {Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde},

volume = {34},

number = {475},

pages = {4-86},

abstract = {The authors gained the cooperation of the Netherlands Association of Ship Owners and the Royal Netherlands Navy in a project to collect all whale sightings from vessels sailing around the globe between 1954 and 1957. A total of 4500 reports of 11,000 animals were received, with the majority of observations coming from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Vessels were given identification guides and all reported observations were scored on the perceived reliability of the identification.  All Rorqual whales were grouped together, and a further distinction was made between humpback, sperm, right whales and "little piked whales" (minke whales).  Sightings were plotted in 10 degree squares according to number of whales observed per 1000 hours steamed in daylight.  Special attention is given to the observations of Captain W.F.J. Morzer Bruins, who the authors describe as a keen naturalist whose observations hold more credibility than those of others.  His observations in the Indian Ocean include a high number of sperm whales off the southern coast of Oman and the Gulf of Aden in January-March and April-June, a scattering of stranded blue and fin whales along the W coast of India, and only 2 stranded and 2 live humpback whales (strandings both in India, and live sightings near Yemen/Oman border? and off S tip of India (near Maldives?).  The larger number of compiled sightings from vessels are presented by species.  Rorqual sightings were plentiful in the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea coasts of Oman and Pakistan, and in the Arabian Gulf (but not as plentiful as they were in the area between 30 and 40 degrees S.  The author concludes that the majority of the whales observed in the NIO do not belong to the Southern Hemisphere stock, but suggests that they migrate from the North Pacific through the Indonesian Archipelago and the Strait Malaya (despite very few observations here).  He briefly considers, but discards as unlikely, the hypothesis of a resident NIO stock.The total number of humpback whale sightings in the IO amounted to 500 (compared to 1618 rorqual sightings and 799 "whale" sightings).  The majority of animals were observed in coastal waters, and NIO sightings were generally concentrated in the months of Aug-Nov and Jan-April.  some of the highest recorded densities in the NIO are off of Pakistan  in the months of March, Aug, Oct, and December, but it is not clear how closely related this is to observer effort.  Observations are very few in May, June, July and September, and the authors do not link this to the monsoon -but rather conclude that the whales are not present at that time. Although few calves were observed in the NIO, those that were observed, were all observed in November, January or September (but no indication is given of calf size). The authors conclude that this is evidence that the observed whales do not belong to the S. Hem stock, but are more likely from the N.Pacific, despite the fact that there are "no sightings of humpbacks in the south China Sea or the Indonesian Archipelago that could support this assumption".  Sperm whales were observed with regularity throughout the year in the NIO, but in lower densities than Rorquals.  A low number of sightings in the NIO during summer months again leads the author to conclude that the animals either migrate South or to the N. Pacific.  This species, according to the authors is always associated with areas of high productivity.Minke whales were recorded in low densities in the Gulf of Aden and off the coast of Pakistan, but not in the central or Northern coasts of Oman.},

keywords = {Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Atlantic, density, Distribution, fin whale, Gulf of Aden, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, India, Indian Ocean, Maldives, migration, minke whale, minke whales, North Pacific, Oman, Pakistan, productivity, right whale, right whales, Southern Hemisphere, sperm whale, sperm whales, Strandings, whale, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{,

title = {Contribution to the knowledge of marine fauna of Kurrachee},

author = {Murray, James. A.},

year  = {1884},

date = {1884-01-01},

journal = {Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.},

volume = {13},

number = {176},

pages = {348-352},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, Finless Porpoise, Indian Ocean, Kurachi, Pakistan},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}