Rosenbaum,H.C.,Glaberman,S.,Jefferson,T.,Collins,T.,Minton,G.,Peddemors,V.,Baldwin,R.M.
Phylogenetic relationships and population structure among humpback dolphins based on mtDNA variation Technical Report
no. 459, 2002, ISBN: SC/54/SM34.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: control region, dolphin, dolphins, humpback dolphins, International Whaling Commission, mtDNA, Oman, Pacific Ocean, phylogenetic, population, population structure, South Africa, status, taxonomy, whaling
@techreport{,
title = {Phylogenetic relationships and population structure among humpback dolphins based on mtDNA variation},
author = {Rosenbaum,H.C.,Glaberman,S.,Jefferson,T.,Collins,T.,Minton,G.,Peddemors,V.,Baldwin,R.M.},
issn = {SC/54/SM34},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Document presented to the 54th meeting of the International Whaling Commission},
volume = {SC/54/SM34},
number = {459},
pages = {1-8},
abstract = {The taxonomy, systematic relationships, and population structure of humpback dolphins (genus Sousa) have been controversial. Various nominal species have been described or subsumed. Recent reports have suggested the division of Sousa into one to three distinct species or sub-species. However, many of these analyses have not been conducted in a proper systematics framework, did not include all representative putative taxa or were lacking specimens from parts of their geographic range, and have not been in published in peer-reviewed journals (typically necessary for revising taxonomy). In order to address relationships and taxonomic status among Sousa species, we present a preliminary genetic analysis of humpback dolphins primarily from Southeast Asia, the coast of Oman, and South Africa. A total of 110 samples were sequenced for 501 by of mtDNA control region and significant population structuring at the regional level was revealed. Population Aggregation and phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA control region lineages and a subset of lineages analyzed for a 358 by fragment of Cytochrome B revealed a series of complex relationships among humpback dolphins in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. These preliminary data are a critical first step to better understanding the taxonomy and systematics in the genus Sousa. Additional molecular character data from other mitochondria) and nuclear genes will be essential for resolving relationship and taxonomic status for humpback dolphins.},
keywords = {control region, dolphin, dolphins, humpback dolphins, International Whaling Commission, mtDNA, Oman, Pacific Ocean, phylogenetic, population, population structure, South Africa, status, taxonomy, whaling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The taxonomy, systematic relationships, and population structure of humpback dolphins (genus Sousa) have been controversial. Various nominal species have been described or subsumed. Recent reports have suggested the division of Sousa into one to three distinct species or sub-species. However, many of these analyses have not been conducted in a proper systematics framework, did not include all representative putative taxa or were lacking specimens from parts of their geographic range, and have not been in published in peer-reviewed journals (typically necessary for revising taxonomy). In order to address relationships and taxonomic status among Sousa species, we present a preliminary genetic analysis of humpback dolphins primarily from Southeast Asia, the coast of Oman, and South Africa. A total of 110 samples were sequenced for 501 by of mtDNA control region and significant population structuring at the regional level was revealed. Population Aggregation and phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA control region lineages and a subset of lineages analyzed for a 358 by fragment of Cytochrome B revealed a series of complex relationships among humpback dolphins in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. These preliminary data are a critical first step to better understanding the taxonomy and systematics in the genus Sousa. Additional molecular character data from other mitochondria) and nuclear genes will be essential for resolving relationship and taxonomic status for humpback dolphins.
Wakeham,S.G.,Peterson,M.L.,Hedges,J.I.,Lee,C.
Lipid biomarker fluxes in the Arabian Sea, with a comparison to the equatorial Pacific Ocean Journal Article
In: Deep-Sea Research Part II, vol. 49 , no. 495, pp. 2265-2301, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, depth, Distribution, efficiency, Oman, Pacific Ocean
@article{,
title = {Lipid biomarker fluxes in the Arabian Sea, with a comparison to the equatorial Pacific Ocean},
author = {Wakeham,S.G.,Peterson,M.L.,Hedges,J.I.,Lee,C.},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},
volume = {49 },
number = {495},
pages = {2265-2301},
abstract = {Fluxes and distributions of organic carbon (OC) and lipid biomarkers were measured in the western Arabian Sea as a function of season, depth, and distance from the coast of Oman during the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study in 1994-1995. A strong seasonal pattern in OC and lipid flux is related to the annual monsoon cycle in the western Arabian Sea, with the highest fluxes measured during the Southwest Monsoon. Fluxes were greatly attenuated with depth in the water column and in surface sediments as remineralization effectively consumed particulate organic matter. A comparison of water-column fluxes with OC and lipid accumulation rates in sediments confirms that the water- sediment interface is a ''hot-spot'' for organic matter degradation. Biomarker compositions also varied seasonally and with distance offshore, reflecting seasonal and spatial succession of their biological sources and their subsequent export through the water column. Degradation of OC and biomarkers was extremely efficient, with only a tiny fraction (<1%) of their water-column flux preserved in sediments, although a range of compound-specific degradation efficiencies was apparent. This intense degradation has strong implications for contemporary carbon cycling and for interpreting sediment records for paleoceanographic reconstructions.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, depth, Distribution, efficiency, Oman, Pacific Ocean},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fluxes and distributions of organic carbon (OC) and lipid biomarkers were measured in the western Arabian Sea as a function of season, depth, and distance from the coast of Oman during the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study in 1994-1995. A strong seasonal pattern in OC and lipid flux is related to the annual monsoon cycle in the western Arabian Sea, with the highest fluxes measured during the Southwest Monsoon. Fluxes were greatly attenuated with depth in the water column and in surface sediments as remineralization effectively consumed particulate organic matter. A comparison of water-column fluxes with OC and lipid accumulation rates in sediments confirms that the water- sediment interface is a ''hot-spot'' for organic matter degradation. Biomarker compositions also varied seasonally and with distance offshore, reflecting seasonal and spatial succession of their biological sources and their subsequent export through the water column. Degradation of OC and biomarkers was extremely efficient, with only a tiny fraction (<1%) of their water-column flux preserved in sediments, although a range of compound-specific degradation efficiencies was apparent. This intense degradation has strong implications for contemporary carbon cycling and for interpreting sediment records for paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Barber,R.T.,Marra,J.,Bidigare,R.C.,Codispoti,L.A.,Halpern,D.,Johnson,Z.,Latasa,M.,Goericke,R.,Smith,S.L.
Primary productivity and its regulation in the Arabian Sea during 1995 Journal Article
In: Deep-Sea Research Part II, vol. 48, no. 323, pp. 1127-1172, 2001.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: abundance, Arabian Sea, Atlantic, location, North Atlantic, Oman, Pacific Ocean, performance, productivity, Upwelling
@article{,
title = {Primary productivity and its regulation in the Arabian Sea during 1995},
author = {Barber,R.T.,Marra,J.,Bidigare,R.C.,Codispoti,L.A.,Halpern,D.,Johnson,Z.,Latasa,M.,Goericke,R.,Smith,S.L.},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Deep-Sea Research Part II},
volume = {48},
number = {323},
pages = {1127-1172},
abstract = {The annual cycle of monsoon-driven variability in primary productivity was studied in 1995 during the Arabian Sea Expedition as part of the United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies (US JGOFS). This paper describes the seasonal progression of productivity and its regulation on a section which ran from the coast of Oman to about 1000km offshore in the centralArabian Sea at 65§E. During the SW Monsoon (June-mid-September), the coolest water and highest nutrient concentrations were close to the coast, although they extended offshore to about 800 km; during the January NE Monsoon, deep convective mixing provided nutrients to the mixed layer in the region 400 - 1000km o!shore. As expected, the SW Monsoon was the most productive season (123ñ9mmolC m-2d-1) along the southern US JGOFS section from the coast to 1000km offshore, but productivity in the NE Monsoon was surprisingly high (112ñ7mmol C m-2d-1). There was no onshore/offshore gradient in primary productivity from 150 to 1000km o! the Omani coast in 1995, and there was no evidence of light limitation of either primary productivity or photosynthetic performance (PBopt) from deep convective mixing during the NE Monsoon, deep wind mixing during the SW Monsoon or offshore Ekman downwelling during the SW Monsoon. Productivity during the Spring Intermonsoon (86ñ6mmolC m-2d-1) was much higher than in oligotrophic regions such as the tropical Pacific Ocean (29ñ2 mmolC m-2 d-1) or the North Pacific gyre region (32ñ8 mmolC m-2 d-1). The 1995 annual mean productivity (111ñ11mmolC m-2 d-1) along this section from the Omani coast to the central Arabian Sea was about equal to the spring bloom maximum (107ñ23mmolC m-2 d-1) during the 1989 North Atlantic Bloom Experiment (NABE) and the equatorial, 1§N-1§S wave guide maximum (95ñ6mmolC m-2 d-1) in the Pacific Ocean during the 1992 EqPac study. The 1995 SW Monsoon primary productivity was similar to the mean value observed in the same region in 1994 by the Arabesque Expedition (127ñ14mmolC m-2 d-1) and in 1964 by the ANTON BRUUN Expedition (115ñ27 mmol C m-2 d-1). During the 1995 SW Monsoon, strong, narrow and meandering current filaments extended from the region of coastal upwelling to about 700km offshore; these filaments had levels of biomass, primary productivity, chlorophyll-specific productivity and diatom abundance that were elevated relative to other locations during the SW Monsoon. The SW Monsoon was the most productive period, but SW Monsoon primary productivity values were lower than predicted because effcient grazing by mesozooplankton kept diatoms from accumulating the biomass necessary for achieving the high levels of primary productivity characteristic of other coastal upwelling regions. The high rates of chlorophyll-specific productivity (PBopt>10mmolC mg Chl-1 d-1) observed in the 1995 SW Monsoon, together with the observed dust flux and iron concentrations, indicate that the Arabian Sea was more iron replete than the equatorial Pacific Ocean or the Southern Ocean },
keywords = {abundance, Arabian Sea, Atlantic, location, North Atlantic, Oman, Pacific Ocean, performance, productivity, Upwelling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The annual cycle of monsoon-driven variability in primary productivity was studied in 1995 during the Arabian Sea Expedition as part of the United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies (US JGOFS). This paper describes the seasonal progression of productivity and its regulation on a section which ran from the coast of Oman to about 1000km offshore in the centralArabian Sea at 65§E. During the SW Monsoon (June-mid-September), the coolest water and highest nutrient concentrations were close to the coast, although they extended offshore to about 800 km; during the January NE Monsoon, deep convective mixing provided nutrients to the mixed layer in the region 400 - 1000km o!shore. As expected, the SW Monsoon was the most productive season (123ñ9mmolC m-2d-1) along the southern US JGOFS section from the coast to 1000km offshore, but productivity in the NE Monsoon was surprisingly high (112ñ7mmol C m-2d-1). There was no onshore/offshore gradient in primary productivity from 150 to 1000km o! the Omani coast in 1995, and there was no evidence of light limitation of either primary productivity or photosynthetic performance (PBopt) from deep convective mixing during the NE Monsoon, deep wind mixing during the SW Monsoon or offshore Ekman downwelling during the SW Monsoon. Productivity during the Spring Intermonsoon (86ñ6mmolC m-2d-1) was much higher than in oligotrophic regions such as the tropical Pacific Ocean (29ñ2 mmolC m-2 d-1) or the North Pacific gyre region (32ñ8 mmolC m-2 d-1). The 1995 annual mean productivity (111ñ11mmolC m-2 d-1) along this section from the Omani coast to the central Arabian Sea was about equal to the spring bloom maximum (107ñ23mmolC m-2 d-1) during the 1989 North Atlantic Bloom Experiment (NABE) and the equatorial, 1§N-1§S wave guide maximum (95ñ6mmolC m-2 d-1) in the Pacific Ocean during the 1992 EqPac study. The 1995 SW Monsoon primary productivity was similar to the mean value observed in the same region in 1994 by the Arabesque Expedition (127ñ14mmolC m-2 d-1) and in 1964 by the ANTON BRUUN Expedition (115ñ27 mmol C m-2 d-1). During the 1995 SW Monsoon, strong, narrow and meandering current filaments extended from the region of coastal upwelling to about 700km offshore; these filaments had levels of biomass, primary productivity, chlorophyll-specific productivity and diatom abundance that were elevated relative to other locations during the SW Monsoon. The SW Monsoon was the most productive period, but SW Monsoon primary productivity values were lower than predicted because effcient grazing by mesozooplankton kept diatoms from accumulating the biomass necessary for achieving the high levels of primary productivity characteristic of other coastal upwelling regions. The high rates of chlorophyll-specific productivity (PBopt>10mmolC mg Chl-1 d-1) observed in the 1995 SW Monsoon, together with the observed dust flux and iron concentrations, indicate that the Arabian Sea was more iron replete than the equatorial Pacific Ocean or the Southern Ocean
Pitman,R.L.,Palacios,D.M.,Brennan,P.I.R.,Brennan,P.J.,Balcomb,K.C.,Miyashita,T.
Sightings and possible identity of a bottlenose whale in the tropical Indo-Pacific: Indopacetus pacificus? Journal Article
In: Marine Mammal Science, vol. 15, no. 192, pp. 531-549, 1999.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, beaked whale, Mesoplodon, Pacific Ocean, whale
@article{,
title = {Sightings and possible identity of a bottlenose whale in the tropical Indo-Pacific: Indopacetus pacificus?},
author = {Pitman,R.L.,Palacios,D.M.,Brennan,P.I.R.,Brennan,P.J.,Balcomb,K.C.,Miyashita,T.},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
volume = {15},
number = {192},
pages = {531-549},
abstract = {It has been known for more than 30 yr that a large, unidentified species of beaked whale inhabits the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans. M”rzer Bruyns (1971) reported the first sightings, from the Arabian Sea, which he tentatively identified as Longman's beaked whale, Indopacetus pacificus (Moore, 1968) (= Mesoplodon pacificus Longman 1926). He also stated, without elaboration, that a group of "unidentified bottlenose whales" photographed in the central Pacific in1966 were "almost certainly" I.pacificus. (Photographs of these later appeared in Leatherwood et al. 1988:92-93; see also below). These identifications have never been verified, however, because I.pacificus was, and is, known only from skeletal material; nothing is known of its external features.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, beaked whale, Mesoplodon, Pacific Ocean, whale},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
It has been known for more than 30 yr that a large, unidentified species of beaked whale inhabits the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans. M”rzer Bruyns (1971) reported the first sightings, from the Arabian Sea, which he tentatively identified as Longman's beaked whale, Indopacetus pacificus (Moore, 1968) (= Mesoplodon pacificus Longman 1926). He also stated, without elaboration, that a group of "unidentified bottlenose whales" photographed in the central Pacific in1966 were "almost certainly" I.pacificus. (Photographs of these later appeared in Leatherwood et al. 1988:92-93; see also below). These identifications have never been verified, however, because I.pacificus was, and is, known only from skeletal material; nothing is known of its external features.
IUCN
Cetaceans and cetacean research in the Indian Ocean Sanctuary Book Chapter
In: no. 391, pp. 1-287, UNEP, 1991.
BibTeX | Tags: Antarctic, cetacean, cetaceans, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, Indian Ocean, marine, marine mammal, megaptera novaeangliae, migration, Oman, Pacific Ocean, sanctuaries, Southern Hemisphere, stocks, Upwelling, whale, whales, whaling
@inbook{,
title = {Cetaceans and cetacean research in the Indian Ocean Sanctuary},
author = {IUCN},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {UNEP marine Mammal Technical Report number 3},
number = {391},
pages = {1-287},
publisher = {UNEP},
keywords = {Antarctic, cetacean, cetaceans, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, Indian Ocean, marine, marine mammal, megaptera novaeangliae, migration, Oman, Pacific Ocean, sanctuaries, Southern Hemisphere, stocks, Upwelling, whale, whales, whaling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Leatherwood, S.,Donovan, G.P.
Cetaceans and cetacean research in the Indian Ocean Sanctuary Book Chapter
In: no. 397, pp. 1-287, UNEP, 1991.
BibTeX | Tags: Antarctic, cetacean, cetaceans, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, Indian Ocean, marine, marine mammal, megaptera novaeangliae, migration, Oman, Pacific Ocean, sanctuaries, Southern Hemisphere, stocks, Upwelling, whale, whales, whaling
@inbook{,
title = {Cetaceans and cetacean research in the Indian Ocean Sanctuary},
author = {Leatherwood, S.,Donovan, G.P.},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {UNEP marine Mammal Technical Report number 3},
number = {397},
pages = {1-287},
publisher = {UNEP},
keywords = {Antarctic, cetacean, cetaceans, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, Indian Ocean, marine, marine mammal, megaptera novaeangliae, migration, Oman, Pacific Ocean, sanctuaries, Southern Hemisphere, stocks, Upwelling, whale, whales, whaling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Reeves,R.R.,Leatherwood,S.,Papastavrou,V.
Possible stock affinities of humpback whales in the northern Indian Ocean Book
UNEP, 1991.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Antarctic, cetacean, cetaceans, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, Indian Ocean, marine, marine mammal, megaptera novaeangliae, migration, Oman, Pacific Ocean, sanctuaries, Southern Hemisphere, stocks, Upwelling, whale, whales, whaling
@book{,
title = {Possible stock affinities of humpback whales in the northern Indian Ocean},
author = {Reeves,R.R.,Leatherwood,S.,Papastavrou,V.},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {Cetaceans and Cetacean Research in the Indian Ocean Sanctuary: Marine Mammal Technical Report Number 3},
number = {443},
pages = {259-269},
publisher = {UNEP},
abstract = {Records of humpback whales. Megaptera novaeangliae. in the northern Indian Ocean are compiled and evaluated to test various hypotheses concerning stock relationships. The conventional view that all humpbacks in this region are migrants from the Southern Hemisphere or, less likely, from the Pacific Ocean has been challenged recently by other authors. There is no reason to doubt that some Antarctic humpbacks cross the. Equator during their winter breeding migration northward. However, sightings in the northern Indian Ocean during the austral spring, summer and fall arc sufficiently frequent and widespread to support the hypothesis that some whales remain north of the Equator in the Indian Ocean year-round. Humpbacks appear to be present off Oman throughout the year, including relatively large concentrations, apparently feeding, during boreal summer/fall. We postulate that areas of cool, highly productive upwelling near the coast of Oman create conditions suitable for humpback feeding. The northern Indian Ocean is characterised by a virtual absence of modern commercial whaling and a paucity of cetacean research. As a result. evidence is insufficient to determine the relationships between stocks of humpbacks in the northern Indian Ocean and stocks of humpbacks elsewhere.},
keywords = {Antarctic, cetacean, cetaceans, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, Indian Ocean, marine, marine mammal, megaptera novaeangliae, migration, Oman, Pacific Ocean, sanctuaries, Southern Hemisphere, stocks, Upwelling, whale, whales, whaling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Records of humpback whales. Megaptera novaeangliae. in the northern Indian Ocean are compiled and evaluated to test various hypotheses concerning stock relationships. The conventional view that all humpbacks in this region are migrants from the Southern Hemisphere or, less likely, from the Pacific Ocean has been challenged recently by other authors. There is no reason to doubt that some Antarctic humpbacks cross the. Equator during their winter breeding migration northward. However, sightings in the northern Indian Ocean during the austral spring, summer and fall arc sufficiently frequent and widespread to support the hypothesis that some whales remain north of the Equator in the Indian Ocean year-round. Humpbacks appear to be present off Oman throughout the year, including relatively large concentrations, apparently feeding, during boreal summer/fall. We postulate that areas of cool, highly productive upwelling near the coast of Oman create conditions suitable for humpback feeding. The northern Indian Ocean is characterised by a virtual absence of modern commercial whaling and a paucity of cetacean research. As a result. evidence is insufficient to determine the relationships between stocks of humpbacks in the northern Indian Ocean and stocks of humpbacks elsewhere.
Small,J.A..,Small,G.J.
Cetacean observations from the Somali Democratic Republic, September 1985 through May 1987 Journal Article
In: CEtaceans and Cetacean Research in the Indian Ocean Sanctuary: UNEP - Marine Mammal Technical Report No.3, no. 476, pp. 179-210, 1991.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Antarctic, Blue whale, bottlenose dolphin, Bryde's whale, cetacean, cetaceans, Common dolphin, dolphin, false killer whale, Gulf of Aden, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, Indian Ocean, killer whale, location, marine, megaptera novaeangliae, melon-headed whale, migration, occurrence, Oman, Pacific Ocean, Risso's dolphin, sanctuaries, Southern Hemisphere, sperm whale, Spinner dolphin, spotted dolphin, stocks, Striped dolphin, survey, trend, Upwelling, whale, whales, whaling
@article{,
title = {Cetacean observations from the Somali Democratic Republic, September 1985 through May 1987},
author = {Small,J.A..,Small,G.J.},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-01-01},
journal = {CEtaceans and Cetacean Research in the Indian Ocean Sanctuary: UNEP - Marine Mammal Technical Report No.3},
number = {476},
pages = {179-210},
abstract = {Two vessels operated along the Gulf of Aden and northern Indian Ocean coasts of Somalia from Aug. 1985 through May 1987. Their fishing activities carried them on a routine basis from Djibouti to the Horn of Africa and, on many cruises, into the Indian Ocean as far south as 8øN. The frequent and regular presence of these vessels afforded a unique opportunity for research since few previous surveys along the Somalian coast were transitory and/or of short duration. There were 398 sightings of cetaceans representing at least 14 species: blue whale, Bryde's whale, sperm whale, melon-headed whale, false killer whale, killer whale, short-finned pilot whale, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, common dolphin, bottlenose dolphin, Risso's dolphin, spotted dolphin, striped dolphin and spinner dolphin (NO humpback whales!!). Sightings locations and related environmental data are discussed. Some trends between years were seen in the occurrence and location of blue, killer and short-finned pilot whales.},
keywords = {Antarctic, Blue whale, bottlenose dolphin, Bryde's whale, cetacean, cetaceans, Common dolphin, dolphin, false killer whale, Gulf of Aden, Humpback Whale, humpback whales, Indian Ocean, killer whale, location, marine, megaptera novaeangliae, melon-headed whale, migration, occurrence, Oman, Pacific Ocean, Risso's dolphin, sanctuaries, Southern Hemisphere, sperm whale, Spinner dolphin, spotted dolphin, stocks, Striped dolphin, survey, trend, Upwelling, whale, whales, whaling},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Two vessels operated along the Gulf of Aden and northern Indian Ocean coasts of Somalia from Aug. 1985 through May 1987. Their fishing activities carried them on a routine basis from Djibouti to the Horn of Africa and, on many cruises, into the Indian Ocean as far south as 8øN. The frequent and regular presence of these vessels afforded a unique opportunity for research since few previous surveys along the Somalian coast were transitory and/or of short duration. There were 398 sightings of cetaceans representing at least 14 species: blue whale, Bryde's whale, sperm whale, melon-headed whale, false killer whale, killer whale, short-finned pilot whale, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, common dolphin, bottlenose dolphin, Risso's dolphin, spotted dolphin, striped dolphin and spinner dolphin (NO humpback whales!!). Sightings locations and related environmental data are discussed. Some trends between years were seen in the occurrence and location of blue, killer and short-finned pilot whales.