@techreport{,

title = {Report of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission 2016},

author = {IWC},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

volume = {66b},

number = {121},

pages = {138},

publisher = {International Whaling Commission},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, International Whaling Commission, management, Southern Hemisphere, Stock identity},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Report of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission 2016:  Annex H:  Report of the Sub-Committee on Other Southern Hemisphere Whale Stocks},

author = {IWC},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

volume = {66b},

number = {122},

pages = {44},

publisher = {International Whaling Commission},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, International Whaling Commission, management, Southern Hemisphere, Stock identity},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Report on the Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Workshop: Developing a collaborative research and conservation strategy},

author = {Minton, G.,Reeves, R. R.,Collins, T.J.Q.,Willson, Andrew},

url = {https://arabianseawhalenetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/arabian-sea-humpback-whale-workshop-report-_final2-1.pdf},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

number = {417},

pages = {50},

abstract = {Executive Summary

Humpback whales in the Arabian Sea (ASHWs) form a discrete population that is designated as an endangered

“subpopulation” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The primary objective of the workshop was to

bring together regional scientists and conservationists who share concern for ASHWs (and other cetaceans in

the region) and to begin developing a unified, collaborative research and conservation strategy that could be

readily communicated to governments, intergovernmental organizations non-governmental organizations,

donors and research colleagues.

Researchers and international experts presented summaries of what is known about the distribution, biology

and threats to humpback whales in each of the represented Arabian Sea range states, as well as information

about research techniques and tools for collaboration that could facilitate the implementation of a regional

conservation-based research strategy.

Participants identified the main threats to whales in the region and knowledge gaps that must be filled in order

to assess and protect ASHWs. Almost all current knowledge about this population is based on data collected in

the Sultanate of Oman, which is the only country in which dedicated humpback whale research has taken

place in recent years. The shortage of information on the population’s full range and population size outside

of Oman is one of the most significant impediments to the pursuit of a regional conservation strategy. Many

of the workshop recommendations focus on harnessing the formal and informal networks and capacity of

participants to fill these knowledge gaps.

The workshop made the following recommendations for follow-up action:

1. Form an Arabian Sea Humpback Whale Research Network: To include development of a mission

statement and objectives and a clear set of conservation- and research-related roles for the members

2. Identify a focal point in each ASHW range state responsible for liaising with the network coordination

team and for 1) verification and documentation of all ASHW stranding and sighting reports, 2)

working with local communities, coastguards and others to collect data opportunistically and 3)

assistance in drafting funding proposals and research plans for country-based or cross-border priority

areas (in the most likely suspected current range of ASHW)

3. Develop a common (web-based) platform for sharing documents, data and research protocols among

network members. To include, if possible, a regional Photo-ID matching platform.

4. Establish data-sharing agreements for any web-based/group-wide data repositories, and memoranda

of understanding between partners who embark on shared analyses to ensure proper data ownership

and publication rights.

5. Produce a "glossy” presentation of ASHW background and conservation concerns that network

partners can use to raise awareness and attract funding.

6. Engage in dedicated fund-raising efforts to support network coordination and research activities at

both national and regional scales.

7. Implement regional research activities that include passive acoustic monitoring at strategic locations,

dedicated boat surveys for genetic sampling, photo-Identification and collecting data on distribution

and numbers, and further analyses of acoustic and genetic data already obtained from Oman and

other locations.

8. Create a common pool of equipment and other resources that can be used for research and analysis

in different range states as required

4

9. Encourage Master’s and PhD candidates from range states to conduct research and conservation

work on ASHWs.

10. Execute a large-scale GIS exercise - mapping all known/confirmed ASHW sightings (with effort indices

when available) and strandings for analysis of spatial/temporal trends, as well as overlap with known

threats (e.g. shipping lanes, high-density fisheries that use gillnets or vertical lines, oil and gas

exploration and development sites).

11. Maintain liaisons with international and inter-governmental organisations that can support the

network’s aims and objectives and ensure that network findings/results are applied toward regional

and international management and conservation frameworks.},

keywords = {Arabian Sea, conservation, Humpback Whale, management, megaptera novaeangliae},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = { Studies for Carrying Out the Common Fisheries Policy: Adverse Fisheries Impacts on Cetacean Populations in the Black Sea. Final report to the European Commission},

author = {Birkun Jr, A,Northridge, S,Willsteed, E.A.,James, F.A.,Kilgour, C.,Lander, M.,Fitzgerald, G.D.},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

number = {329},

pages = {347},

abstract = {Four tasks were completed to achieve the objective of providing the European Commission with: an

analysis of historical and current status of cetacean populations in the western Black Sea; qualitative and

quantitative assessments of their by-catch in Black Sea fisheries by fishery and fishing gear; and the

provision of recommendations for measures to reduce by-catch in fisheries identified as having high rates

of by-catch. A summary of work achieved for each task follows.

A review and analysis of all national and international legislation aiming at the protection and

conservation of cetaceans in the Black Sea was completed, including the identification of gaps in the

legislation. A rapid assessment of the capacity of existing national fisheries legislation in Bulgaria,

Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in context of cetacean conservation was also completed. Questionnaires

were distributed to national authorities and experts to develop a list of domestic legal tools. To determine

the awareness of fishermen regarding national legislation designed to protect cetaceans, a questionnaire

was distributed to leaders of fishing cooperatives in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.

Recommendations regarding improvement of national legislation and its implementation in the Black Sea

were developed.

New data from Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine was collected and a review of existing information

from all coastal States on harbour porpoises, common dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea

was completed. Information was reviewed to determine the existing state of knowledge of Black Sea

cetaceans and their interactions with fisheries historically and currently. This involved the consolidation

of existing datasets on cetacean abundance and distribution, and by-catch records from Black Sea coastal

states. To provide information on fishing capacity and effort, surveys were conducted at representative

fishing harbours in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. In conjunction with the surveys, interviews

were held with fishermen to provide information about perceptions of by-catch, by-catch rates in

different gear types and seasonality of by-catch. This information was combined with the historical

information to enable the assessment of fisheries and fishing gears associated with adverse impacts on

cetacean populations. Estimation of bycatch rates were developed and are presented in this report. The

virtual absence of information on smaller fishing vessels in Black Sea coastal states surveyed necessitated

a change in approach to surveying and leads to uncertainties about the accuracy of fleet effort estimates.

Together with the paucity of observed by-catch records, estimates of by-catch are subject to significant

caveats are should be used with caution in the absence of further data to improve confidence in the

estimates.

Surveys of cetacean population distribution and abundance were completed for the western Black Sea,

including the waters of Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Aerial and boat surveys were completed using

the accepted double-platform method of observation. Both the aircraft and vessel underwent

modifications prior to surveying to support this method of surveying. An additional opportunistic survey

was completed using ferry routes between Ukraine and Georgia to provide a snapshot of populations in

the eastern waters. National permits were obtained for surveying after a lengthy process and an

international team of observers was recruited and trained. Records of cetacean sightings, distances,

angles and concomitant data were collected and stored prior to analysis using Distance 6.0 to derive

estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the western Black Sea and to provide crude estimates

for the Black Sea.

Finally, to provide a draft regional strategy for improving cetacean conservation in the Black Sea, a critical

review of global existing approaches and methods to prevent and mitigate cetacean by-catch was

completed, measures were identified in context of the Black Sea to reduce the problem, and a draft

strategy was developed, which is presented in this report. 

RESULTS

s, the review of legislation indicates that there is sufficient legislation in place,

particularly within Member State jurisdictions, to research, assess and manage pressures and threats to

cetacean species, and to designate SACs. Strengthening the capacity of the Member States and the

coordination and capacity of regional bodies to implement legislation and to conduct the required

research would appear to be more appropriate than the determination and enactment of additional

legislative instruments. 

For most of the 20th century, mass commercial killing remained the principal human activity affecting

Black Sea cetaceans.  Purse-seining and shooting were the two principal methods used to capture and kill cetaceans in the Black

Sea cetacean fisheries. Between these two fishery methods, it is commonly acknowledged that the Black

Sea cetacean populations were strongly reduced and that perhaps they have not recovered until recently.



Poaching (illegal, unreported or unregulated – IUU – fishing) is one of the major environmental, economic

and social problems concerning the entire Black Sea region. 



More generally, by-catches in fishing gear constitute the major source of human-induced mortality of

Black Sea cetaceans.   Porpoises almost always dominate by-catches (often >90% of annual

estimates) when compared to by-catches of common and bottlenose dolphins. With regards to fishing

gear type, bottom set gillnets for turbot are always recorded as the greatest threat to cetaceans although

spiny dogfish set nets are also reported to be a problem. 



The

Conservation Plan also draws on various recommendations from regional forums. Generally, five broad

approaches are required, in parallel which encompass specific conservation actions. These approaches

include: 1) Refinement of information on spatial, temporal and metier specific by-catch rates to further

identify areas, seasons and fishery types for focused by-catch mitigation, including a better understanding

of the rates at which each species is taken by each fishery. 2) Improved information of fleet dynamics and

effort. 3) Implementation of by-catch mitigation strategies where there are already obvious requirements.

4) Further investigation of the population dynamics, distribution, density and migration patterns of the

three species of concern. 5) The building or improvement of a management organisation to deliver on

conservation goals, shared management, fleet documentation, training and outreach. The most urgent

action was identified as eliminating illegal fishing for turbot with gillnets. },

keywords = {black sea, Bycatch, cetaceans, Fisheries, management, mitigation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = { Studies for Carrying Out the Common Fisheries Policy: Adverse Fisheries Impacts on Cetacean Populations in the Black Sea. Final report to the European Commission},

author = {Birkun Jr, A,Northridge, S,Willsteed, E.A.,James, F.A.,Kilgour, C.,Lander, M.,Fitzgerald, G.D.},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

number = {329},

pages = {347},

abstract = {Four tasks were completed to achieve the objective of providing the European Commission with: an

analysis of historical and current status of cetacean populations in the western Black Sea; qualitative and

quantitative assessments of their by-catch in Black Sea fisheries by fishery and fishing gear; and the

provision of recommendations for measures to reduce by-catch in fisheries identified as having high rates

of by-catch. A summary of work achieved for each task follows.

A review and analysis of all national and international legislation aiming at the protection and

conservation of cetaceans in the Black Sea was completed, including the identification of gaps in the

legislation. A rapid assessment of the capacity of existing national fisheries legislation in Bulgaria,

Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in context of cetacean conservation was also completed. Questionnaires

were distributed to national authorities and experts to develop a list of domestic legal tools. To determine

the awareness of fishermen regarding national legislation designed to protect cetaceans, a questionnaire

was distributed to leaders of fishing cooperatives in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.

Recommendations regarding improvement of national legislation and its implementation in the Black Sea

were developed.

New data from Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine was collected and a review of existing information

from all coastal States on harbour porpoises, common dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea

was completed. Information was reviewed to determine the existing state of knowledge of Black Sea

cetaceans and their interactions with fisheries historically and currently. This involved the consolidation

of existing datasets on cetacean abundance and distribution, and by-catch records from Black Sea coastal

states. To provide information on fishing capacity and effort, surveys were conducted at representative

fishing harbours in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. In conjunction with the surveys, interviews

were held with fishermen to provide information about perceptions of by-catch, by-catch rates in

different gear types and seasonality of by-catch. This information was combined with the historical

information to enable the assessment of fisheries and fishing gears associated with adverse impacts on

cetacean populations. Estimation of bycatch rates were developed and are presented in this report. The

virtual absence of information on smaller fishing vessels in Black Sea coastal states surveyed necessitated

a change in approach to surveying and leads to uncertainties about the accuracy of fleet effort estimates.

Together with the paucity of observed by-catch records, estimates of by-catch are subject to significant

caveats are should be used with caution in the absence of further data to improve confidence in the

estimates.

Surveys of cetacean population distribution and abundance were completed for the western Black Sea,

including the waters of Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Aerial and boat surveys were completed using

the accepted double-platform method of observation. Both the aircraft and vessel underwent

modifications prior to surveying to support this method of surveying. An additional opportunistic survey

was completed using ferry routes between Ukraine and Georgia to provide a snapshot of populations in

the eastern waters. National permits were obtained for surveying after a lengthy process and an

international team of observers was recruited and trained. Records of cetacean sightings, distances,

angles and concomitant data were collected and stored prior to analysis using Distance 6.0 to derive

estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the western Black Sea and to provide crude estimates

for the Black Sea.

Finally, to provide a draft regional strategy for improving cetacean conservation in the Black Sea, a critical

review of global existing approaches and methods to prevent and mitigate cetacean by-catch was

completed, measures were identified in context of the Black Sea to reduce the problem, and a draft

strategy was developed, which is presented in this report. 

RESULTS

s, the review of legislation indicates that there is sufficient legislation in place,

particularly within Member State jurisdictions, to research, assess and manage pressures and threats to

cetacean species, and to designate SACs. Strengthening the capacity of the Member States and the

coordination and capacity of regional bodies to implement legislation and to conduct the required

research would appear to be more appropriate than the determination and enactment of additional

legislative instruments. 

For most of the 20th century, mass commercial killing remained the principal human activity affecting

Black Sea cetaceans.  Purse-seining and shooting were the two principal methods used to capture and kill cetaceans in the Black

Sea cetacean fisheries. Between these two fishery methods, it is commonly acknowledged that the Black

Sea cetacean populations were strongly reduced and that perhaps they have not recovered until recently.



Poaching (illegal, unreported or unregulated – IUU – fishing) is one of the major environmental, economic

and social problems concerning the entire Black Sea region. 



More generally, by-catches in fishing gear constitute the major source of human-induced mortality of

Black Sea cetaceans.   Porpoises almost always dominate by-catches (often >90% of annual

estimates) when compared to by-catches of common and bottlenose dolphins. With regards to fishing

gear type, bottom set gillnets for turbot are always recorded as the greatest threat to cetaceans although

spiny dogfish set nets are also reported to be a problem. 



The

Conservation Plan also draws on various recommendations from regional forums. Generally, five broad

approaches are required, in parallel which encompass specific conservation actions. These approaches

include: 1) Refinement of information on spatial, temporal and metier specific by-catch rates to further

identify areas, seasons and fishery types for focused by-catch mitigation, including a better understanding

of the rates at which each species is taken by each fishery. 2) Improved information of fleet dynamics and

effort. 3) Implementation of by-catch mitigation strategies where there are already obvious requirements.

4) Further investigation of the population dynamics, distribution, density and migration patterns of the

three species of concern. 5) The building or improvement of a management organisation to deliver on

conservation goals, shared management, fleet documentation, training and outreach. The most urgent

action was identified as eliminating illegal fishing for turbot with gillnets. },

keywords = {black sea, Bycatch, cetaceans, Fisheries, management, mitigation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = { Studies for Carrying Out the Common Fisheries Policy: Adverse Fisheries Impacts on Cetacean Populations in the Black Sea. Final report to the European Commission},

author = {Birkun Jr, A,Northridge, S,Willsteed, E.A.,James, F.A.,Kilgour, C.,Lander, M.,Fitzgerald, G.D.},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

number = {329},

pages = {347},

abstract = {Four tasks were completed to achieve the objective of providing the European Commission with: an

analysis of historical and current status of cetacean populations in the western Black Sea; qualitative and

quantitative assessments of their by-catch in Black Sea fisheries by fishery and fishing gear; and the

provision of recommendations for measures to reduce by-catch in fisheries identified as having high rates

of by-catch. A summary of work achieved for each task follows.

A review and analysis of all national and international legislation aiming at the protection and

conservation of cetaceans in the Black Sea was completed, including the identification of gaps in the

legislation. A rapid assessment of the capacity of existing national fisheries legislation in Bulgaria,

Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in context of cetacean conservation was also completed. Questionnaires

were distributed to national authorities and experts to develop a list of domestic legal tools. To determine

the awareness of fishermen regarding national legislation designed to protect cetaceans, a questionnaire

was distributed to leaders of fishing cooperatives in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.

Recommendations regarding improvement of national legislation and its implementation in the Black Sea

were developed.

New data from Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine was collected and a review of existing information

from all coastal States on harbour porpoises, common dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea

was completed. Information was reviewed to determine the existing state of knowledge of Black Sea

cetaceans and their interactions with fisheries historically and currently. This involved the consolidation

of existing datasets on cetacean abundance and distribution, and by-catch records from Black Sea coastal

states. To provide information on fishing capacity and effort, surveys were conducted at representative

fishing harbours in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. In conjunction with the surveys, interviews

were held with fishermen to provide information about perceptions of by-catch, by-catch rates in

different gear types and seasonality of by-catch. This information was combined with the historical

information to enable the assessment of fisheries and fishing gears associated with adverse impacts on

cetacean populations. Estimation of bycatch rates were developed and are presented in this report. The

virtual absence of information on smaller fishing vessels in Black Sea coastal states surveyed necessitated

a change in approach to surveying and leads to uncertainties about the accuracy of fleet effort estimates.

Together with the paucity of observed by-catch records, estimates of by-catch are subject to significant

caveats are should be used with caution in the absence of further data to improve confidence in the

estimates.

Surveys of cetacean population distribution and abundance were completed for the western Black Sea,

including the waters of Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Aerial and boat surveys were completed using

the accepted double-platform method of observation. Both the aircraft and vessel underwent

modifications prior to surveying to support this method of surveying. An additional opportunistic survey

was completed using ferry routes between Ukraine and Georgia to provide a snapshot of populations in

the eastern waters. National permits were obtained for surveying after a lengthy process and an

international team of observers was recruited and trained. Records of cetacean sightings, distances,

angles and concomitant data were collected and stored prior to analysis using Distance 6.0 to derive

estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the western Black Sea and to provide crude estimates

for the Black Sea.

Finally, to provide a draft regional strategy for improving cetacean conservation in the Black Sea, a critical

review of global existing approaches and methods to prevent and mitigate cetacean by-catch was

completed, measures were identified in context of the Black Sea to reduce the problem, and a draft

strategy was developed, which is presented in this report. 

RESULTS

s, the review of legislation indicates that there is sufficient legislation in place,

particularly within Member State jurisdictions, to research, assess and manage pressures and threats to

cetacean species, and to designate SACs. Strengthening the capacity of the Member States and the

coordination and capacity of regional bodies to implement legislation and to conduct the required

research would appear to be more appropriate than the determination and enactment of additional

legislative instruments. 

For most of the 20th century, mass commercial killing remained the principal human activity affecting

Black Sea cetaceans.  Purse-seining and shooting were the two principal methods used to capture and kill cetaceans in the Black

Sea cetacean fisheries. Between these two fishery methods, it is commonly acknowledged that the Black

Sea cetacean populations were strongly reduced and that perhaps they have not recovered until recently.



Poaching (illegal, unreported or unregulated – IUU – fishing) is one of the major environmental, economic

and social problems concerning the entire Black Sea region. 



More generally, by-catches in fishing gear constitute the major source of human-induced mortality of

Black Sea cetaceans.   Porpoises almost always dominate by-catches (often >90% of annual

estimates) when compared to by-catches of common and bottlenose dolphins. With regards to fishing

gear type, bottom set gillnets for turbot are always recorded as the greatest threat to cetaceans although

spiny dogfish set nets are also reported to be a problem. 



The

Conservation Plan also draws on various recommendations from regional forums. Generally, five broad

approaches are required, in parallel which encompass specific conservation actions. These approaches

include: 1) Refinement of information on spatial, temporal and metier specific by-catch rates to further

identify areas, seasons and fishery types for focused by-catch mitigation, including a better understanding

of the rates at which each species is taken by each fishery. 2) Improved information of fleet dynamics and

effort. 3) Implementation of by-catch mitigation strategies where there are already obvious requirements.

4) Further investigation of the population dynamics, distribution, density and migration patterns of the

three species of concern. 5) The building or improvement of a management organisation to deliver on

conservation goals, shared management, fleet documentation, training and outreach. The most urgent

action was identified as eliminating illegal fishing for turbot with gillnets. },

keywords = {black sea, Bycatch, cetaceans, Fisheries, management, mitigation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = { Studies for Carrying Out the Common Fisheries Policy: Adverse Fisheries Impacts on Cetacean Populations in the Black Sea. Final report to the European Commission},

author = {Birkun Jr, A,Northridge, S,Willsteed, E.A.,James, F.A.,Kilgour, C.,Lander, M.,Fitzgerald, G.D.},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

number = {329},

pages = {347},

abstract = {Four tasks were completed to achieve the objective of providing the European Commission with: an

analysis of historical and current status of cetacean populations in the western Black Sea; qualitative and

quantitative assessments of their by-catch in Black Sea fisheries by fishery and fishing gear; and the

provision of recommendations for measures to reduce by-catch in fisheries identified as having high rates

of by-catch. A summary of work achieved for each task follows.

A review and analysis of all national and international legislation aiming at the protection and

conservation of cetaceans in the Black Sea was completed, including the identification of gaps in the

legislation. A rapid assessment of the capacity of existing national fisheries legislation in Bulgaria,

Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in context of cetacean conservation was also completed. Questionnaires

were distributed to national authorities and experts to develop a list of domestic legal tools. To determine

the awareness of fishermen regarding national legislation designed to protect cetaceans, a questionnaire

was distributed to leaders of fishing cooperatives in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.

Recommendations regarding improvement of national legislation and its implementation in the Black Sea

were developed.

New data from Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine was collected and a review of existing information

from all coastal States on harbour porpoises, common dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea

was completed. Information was reviewed to determine the existing state of knowledge of Black Sea

cetaceans and their interactions with fisheries historically and currently. This involved the consolidation

of existing datasets on cetacean abundance and distribution, and by-catch records from Black Sea coastal

states. To provide information on fishing capacity and effort, surveys were conducted at representative

fishing harbours in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. In conjunction with the surveys, interviews

were held with fishermen to provide information about perceptions of by-catch, by-catch rates in

different gear types and seasonality of by-catch. This information was combined with the historical

information to enable the assessment of fisheries and fishing gears associated with adverse impacts on

cetacean populations. Estimation of bycatch rates were developed and are presented in this report. The

virtual absence of information on smaller fishing vessels in Black Sea coastal states surveyed necessitated

a change in approach to surveying and leads to uncertainties about the accuracy of fleet effort estimates.

Together with the paucity of observed by-catch records, estimates of by-catch are subject to significant

caveats are should be used with caution in the absence of further data to improve confidence in the

estimates.

Surveys of cetacean population distribution and abundance were completed for the western Black Sea,

including the waters of Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Aerial and boat surveys were completed using

the accepted double-platform method of observation. Both the aircraft and vessel underwent

modifications prior to surveying to support this method of surveying. An additional opportunistic survey

was completed using ferry routes between Ukraine and Georgia to provide a snapshot of populations in

the eastern waters. National permits were obtained for surveying after a lengthy process and an

international team of observers was recruited and trained. Records of cetacean sightings, distances,

angles and concomitant data were collected and stored prior to analysis using Distance 6.0 to derive

estimates of cetacean abundance and distribution in the western Black Sea and to provide crude estimates

for the Black Sea.

Finally, to provide a draft regional strategy for improving cetacean conservation in the Black Sea, a critical

review of global existing approaches and methods to prevent and mitigate cetacean by-catch was

completed, measures were identified in context of the Black Sea to reduce the problem, and a draft

strategy was developed, which is presented in this report. 

RESULTS

s, the review of legislation indicates that there is sufficient legislation in place,

particularly within Member State jurisdictions, to research, assess and manage pressures and threats to

cetacean species, and to designate SACs. Strengthening the capacity of the Member States and the

coordination and capacity of regional bodies to implement legislation and to conduct the required

research would appear to be more appropriate than the determination and enactment of additional

legislative instruments. 

For most of the 20th century, mass commercial killing remained the principal human activity affecting

Black Sea cetaceans.  Purse-seining and shooting were the two principal methods used to capture and kill cetaceans in the Black

Sea cetacean fisheries. Between these two fishery methods, it is commonly acknowledged that the Black

Sea cetacean populations were strongly reduced and that perhaps they have not recovered until recently.



Poaching (illegal, unreported or unregulated – IUU – fishing) is one of the major environmental, economic

and social problems concerning the entire Black Sea region. 



More generally, by-catches in fishing gear constitute the major source of human-induced mortality of

Black Sea cetaceans.   Porpoises almost always dominate by-catches (often >90% of annual

estimates) when compared to by-catches of common and bottlenose dolphins. With regards to fishing

gear type, bottom set gillnets for turbot are always recorded as the greatest threat to cetaceans although

spiny dogfish set nets are also reported to be a problem. 



The

Conservation Plan also draws on various recommendations from regional forums. Generally, five broad

approaches are required, in parallel which encompass specific conservation actions. These approaches

include: 1) Refinement of information on spatial, temporal and metier specific by-catch rates to further

identify areas, seasons and fishery types for focused by-catch mitigation, including a better understanding

of the rates at which each species is taken by each fishery. 2) Improved information of fleet dynamics and

effort. 3) Implementation of by-catch mitigation strategies where there are already obvious requirements.

4) Further investigation of the population dynamics, distribution, density and migration patterns of the

three species of concern. 5) The building or improvement of a management organisation to deliver on

conservation goals, shared management, fleet documentation, training and outreach. The most urgent

action was identified as eliminating illegal fishing for turbot with gillnets. },

keywords = {black sea, Bycatch, cetaceans, Fisheries, management, mitigation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan},

author = {Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

volume = {86/2001},

number = {369},

pages = {1-56},

abstract = {Executive Summary Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity Biodiversity supports human societies ecologically, economically, culturally and spiritually. Despite its importance, ecosystems are degrading and the species and genetic diversity reducing at an alarming rate due to the impact of growing human population and increasing resource consumption. The global decline of biodiversity is now recognized as one of the most serious environmental issues facing humanity. This inspired the global community to negotiate the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Delegation from Oman actively participated in these negotiations and the Government of Oman signed the Convention in June 1992 and ratified it in 1994. The three objectives of the Biodiversity Convention are: -the conservation of biodiversity; -the sustainable use of biological resources; and -the fair and equitable sharing of benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources. These objectives form the three pillars of sustainable development, ecological integrity, economic sustainability and social equity thus illustrating the nature and scope of the Convention. As a global instrument, it sets the stage for each nation to assess the adequacy of current efforts to conserve biodiversity and sustainable use of biological resources and to determine how inadequacies will be rectified. One of the key obligations of the signatory parties to the Convention is to prepare a national biodiversity strategy and action plan. Thus, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is a response to this obligation. It has been developed to guide the implementation of the Biodiversity Convention in Oman. All strategic directions contained in the Strategy are relevant from a national perspective. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan recognizes existing constitutional and legislative responsibilities for biodiversity in Oman. It also emphasizes the importance of intergovernmental co-operation to create the policy, management and research to advance ecological management. National and regional governments, sectoral agencies, and other stakeholders including the members of the public, will pursue the implementation of the Strategy as guided by their administrative and fiscal capabilities. Elements of the National Strategy and Action Plan Vision: The National Strategy and Action Plan presents a vision for Oman of: A society that is conscious of the role and issues related to biological diversity, convinced of its responsibilities toward future generations and determined to sustainably use natural resources in harmony with all other living things in accordance with the teachings of Islam. In support of this vision, the Strategy presents a series of guiding principles that provide a foundation for implementation. The Strategy provides a framework for action that will enhance our ability to ensure productivity, diversity and integrity of our natural ecosystems and, as a result, our ability as a nation to develop sustainably. It promotes the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of biological resources, and describes how we will complement international efforts to implement the Convention. Mission: "To conserve the biological diversity of the Sultanate and its terrestrial and marine environment, in accordance with the articles of the Convention on Biological Diversity, for the benefit of the present and future generations of Omanis and for mankind as a whole, with respect to the guiding principles of Islam. " Main strategic goals: -Safeguard habitats and productive renewable resources for rational and sustainable exploitation .-Conserve habitat, plant and animal diversity especially of those uncommon and also of special interest; -Provide a high quality natural environment for recreational and tourist activities; - Improve the understanding of ecosystems and increase resource management capability; - Advocate the need to conserve biodiversity and use biological resources in a sustainable manner; - Develop legislation that insures the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of biological resources; - Develop incentives that will promote, biodiversity conservation and provide employment for local people; - Equitably share the benefits of sustainable resources including genetic resources at local and regional levels. - Promote regional and international collaboration on biodiversity conservation and sustainability of natural resources. Proposed mechanisms for implementation: - Creation of a permanent interministerial biodiversity steering Committee and National Biodiversity office which will be responsible for : 1) the filing of an annual national report on policies, activities and plans aimed at implementing the Strategy; 2) co-ordinating the implementation of national and international elements of the Strategy; 3) recommend measures to permit and encourage non-government participation in the implementation of the Strategy; 4) Regular reporting on the status of biodiversity; and, 5) revision of the strategy after an initial implementation phase of five years. The National Strategy and Action Plan proposes a series of priority actions that are classified according to the following themes involving most sectors of society: .Conservation of Natural Resources (Protected areas, Endangered species, conservation) .Terrestrial and Freshwater Fauna . Marine Life and Fisheries  .Terrestrial and Aquatic Flora .Agriculture Resources.Energy Resources .Mineral Resources .Industry, Technology and Services (Biotechnology and Biosafety, Tourism) .Urban Environment .Water Resources .Environmental Emergencies .Participation of the Public, Non-Governmental Organisations and Private Sector .Societal Values (Public awareness, education and training; Environmental impact assessments; Institutional and legal framework) .Quality of Life .Spiritual Values },

keywords = {conservation, ecosystem, education, endangered, Fisheries, guiding, habitat, management, marine, objectives, Oman, population, productivity, protected areas, status},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Wild Dolphin Swim Program Workshop},

author = {Dudzinkski,K.M.,Frohoff,T.G.,Spradlin,T.R.},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Workshop held in conjunction with the 13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals},

number = {361},

pages = {1-72},

abstract = {The workshop addressed many issues related to swimming with wild dolphins and the report includes abstracts/summaries of presentations on the following subjects: Interactions between the public and wild dolphins in the United States: Biological Concerns and the Marine Mammal Protection Act; Interactions between humans and bottlenose dolphins near Panama City, FLConcerns about Hawaiian spinner dolphins in HawaiiManagement Policies in New Zealand regarding wild dolphin swim programmesManagement of commercial swim with dolphin programmes in AustraliaMinimizing Impact and maximizing research during human dolphin interactions in the BahamasVessel and human impact monitoring of the dolphins of Little Bahamas BankWhale and Dolphin watching and associated research programs in the Ogasawara Islands, Japanan Example Approach the dolphin swimming/watching programs around Mikura Island, JapanIncomplete history of spinner dolphin research in HawaiiThe Hawaiian spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris: effects of tourismSwimming with wild dolphins in New Zealand: a multispecies research exampleLearning dolphin "etiquette" by understanding their rules of behaviour and interactionConducting research on human-dolphin interactions: captive dolphins, free-ranging dolphins, solitary dolphins and dolphin groupsObservations of a lone sociable dolphin in BelizeApproaching wild dolphins in Brazil: potential risks in a near futureConsequences of swimming with a lone female bottlenose dolphin in the gulf of Eilat/AqabaStudying the human/dolphin interactions from a cliff-side in Kaikura, New ZealandBehavior and ecology of common dolphins and the impact of tourism in the Coromandel Bay of Plenty region, New ZealandResearch on Hawaiian Spinner dolphins in Kealakekua Bay, HawaiiA study of the Hawaiian spinner dolphins around OahuUnderwater research of dolphins in BelizeThe number of dolphin watching boats limited per day, according to a treaty about dolphin watching in Mikura Island watersBibliography of Human/Dolphin Interactions (19pp)},

keywords = {Australia, behaviour, bottlenose dolphin, bottlenose dolphins, Brazil, Hawaii, Japan, management, Spinner dolphin, swim with dolphins, Whale watching},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Marine fisheries resources, fisheries and marine environmental management, coral reefs and marine parks in the Northwest Indian Ocean},

author = {Siddeek,M.S.M.},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Presented at the Regional Workshop on Fisheries Monitoring, Control and Surveillance, 24-28 Oct. Muscat, Oman},

number = {473},

abstract = {This report contains much of the same information (and wording!) as reference 471, with some additional information on pelagic fisheries, coral reefs and marine protected areas.  Information is only broad and general.},

keywords = {coral, Fisheries, Indian Ocean, management, marine, Oman},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Marine fauna of Oman: Cetaceans, turtles, seabirds and shallow water corals},

author = {Salm,R.V.,Jensen,R.A.C.,Papastavrou,V.},

year  = {1993},

date = {1993-01-01},

number = {469},

pages = {1-66},

publisher = {IUCN},

abstract = {This is the final compilation report that summarises all the data in the sub-reports on cetaceans and turtles etc.  Cetacean stranding an sighting info from the surveys conducted between 1984 and 1992.  210 sightings of live cetaceans were made from the shore, boats and helicopters.  Most sightings were of animals within four km of shore.  The sightings, which were incidental to other coastal zone management studies do not include any related observer effort.  The majority of boat-based searching occurred in the capital area, with remaining boat distributed equally between Musandam and Dhofar.  There was less observation from boats along the stretch of central coast, but more time spent driving on beaches.There are also 173 records of beached cetacean material.  these include the remains of 25 dolphins butchered by fishermen.  The sightings and strandings are summarised in a table including 16 species (including both sei and minke whales).  90% of all beached cetacean remains were found south of Ras al Hadd along the central coast, and was most abundant between 20 and 21 N.},

keywords = {cetacean, cetaceans, coastal zone management, coral, dolphin, dolphins, management, marine, minke whale, minke whales, Oman, seabirds, Strandings, survey, turtles, whale, whales},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {National Conservation Strategy: Sultanate of Oman: Volume I, Synthesis and Policy Framework},

author = {Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment},

year  = {1992},

date = {1992-01-01},

number = {367},

pages = {1-288},

publisher = {Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment},

abstract = {The NCS comprises three volumes, I) the synthesis and policy framework, II) a detailed review and evaluation of natural resources in Oman; and III) the NCS Action Plan of implementation with some 50 sectorial, national and regional programmes and projects along the theme of integrated development and environment protection.  The report points out the 'lagging pace and role of environmental planning', which has not been directly associated with economic and social planning, despite some limited efforts to control pollution.  The report focuses more on the problems of resource utilization and sustainability (referring to land, water, fisheries, rangelands and forest), and calls for an improvement in the management and efficiency of use of these resources.  The report emphasizes threats of continued population growth and limited water resources, and the need for land and water conservation.  It recommends enhancing knowledge thorough conducting more intensive and continuous surveys and studies. The report also addresses historical sites and heritage preservation and the need to raise environmental consciousness and awareness.  The report is rather vague in its recommendations - espousing conservation cooperation between ministries and prudence etc. etc. without any specific measures.  One chapter outlines the responsibilities of the MRME, the need to inform the public, recruit more Omani expertise/train staff, enact more legislation etc. etc.  Ministerial Decree 43/92: Establishment of a Permanent Committee of the National Conservation Strategy. This includes the Undersecretaries from MRME as chairpersons, and representatives from the Ministry of Defense, the Diwan of the Royal Court, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of water resources, Min of Ed, Min of communications, MAF, Min of labour affairs, housing, health affairs, electric and water, civil services, Islamic affairs, national heritage and culture, petroleum and minerals, SQUA, Dep gov of Dhofar, ports and amaritime affairs, legal ffairs, ROP, chamber of commerce etc.  But what happened to this committee and what do they do?????},

keywords = {conservation, Fisheries, management, Oman, pollution, population, survey},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{,

title = {Proposals for a System of Nature Conservation Areas},

author = {Clark,J.E.},

year  = {1986},

date = {1986-01-01},

number = {348},

pages = {1-477},

publisher = {IUCN},

abstract = {This report describes the outcome of a nature conservation project set up by the Government of the Sultanate of Oman and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Oman is a state member of IUCN. The project was operational for almost 20 months, starting in October 1984. An IUCN consultant Project Leader and an Omani Assistant Project Leader were employed full time. Five other IUCN specialists were employed on short term consultancies. The project's goal was to prepare in-depth plans for a system of nature conservation areas (NCAs) in Oman. The resultant nature conservation programme would form part of Oman's total land use strategy. The plans were to include prescriptions for policy and law; the design of a NCA system; and proposals for the structure and operation of a Directorate General of Wildlife and Nature Conservation. This new Government entity is expected to be set up in the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources . The specific requirements for the proposed NCA system were threefold. Firstly, it should be representative of Oman's varied wild habitats, terrestrial and marine: we identified, described and mapped 43 different Land Classes and 12 Marine Habitats. Secondly, it should conserve populations of all threatened and endemic wildlife found in Oman, and other species judged to be of special interest: we identified 94 plant and 100 animal taxa that fell within this grouping. Thirdly, it should protect selected sites and areas, chosen because they had interesting biotic or abiotic features. We identified and described 89 such sites. The sites comprised desert pools and seepages, coastal lagoons, tidal inlets, marine sites, botanical sites, caves, geological and geomorphological sites and landscapes. The resultant system that we designed consists of 91 NCAs, dispersed widely throughout Oman, and covering a total area of 119,798 sq. km. We proposed that there should be three different categories of NCA: national nature reserve (NNR), 59 areas; national scenic reserve (NSR), 20 areas; and national resource reserve (NRR), 12 areas. NNRs are the most strictly managed category: permanent human settlement is not permitted. NSRs may contain human settlement but the laws provide mechanisms for controlling human activities in conformity with nature conservation objectives. NRR is a temporary category of NCA, given to areas that are clearly of interest but about which insufficient is known to justify delineating NCA boundaries. NRRs are identified as priority areas for further studies that may lead to their becoming NNRs or NSRs. We also provided for the protection of selected wildlife outside the NCA system. We recommended two categories of protected wildlife: those that should be granted full protection, and those that be partially protected to the extent that controlled, licensed taking could be permitted. (The only cetacean species mentioned in this list is the humpback whale, which is tentatively classified as endangered. This is probably due to the lack of information about any other species at that time. Marine sites proposed for protection were selected "ont he basis of their having interesting sublittoral features".  Selection was on the basis of biological or scenic characteristics. The authors acknowledge that the survey was limited in its study of marine sites, but believe that their proposals include so many long stretches of coastline that important habitats will be included. Marine areas proposed for first priority in active management (NNRs) include Jazirat Umm al Fayyarin (Musandam), Ras Suwadi, Daymaniyat Islands, Qurm/Fahal, Bandar Jissah, Ras al Hadd, Ras al Junays, Barr al Hikmann, Hasikiyah, Qibliyah, Marbat, Khawr Rawri and Khawr Salalah. Sawda and Hallaniya are propsed as NSR's.},

keywords = {cetacean, conservation, endangered, habitat, Humpback Whale, management, marine, objectives, Oman, population, populations, survey, whale},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}