Buultjens, Jeremy,Ratnayke, Iraj,Gnanapala, Athula
Whale watching in Sri Lanka: Perceptions of sustainability Journal Article
In: Tourism Management Perspectives, vol. 18, no. 62, pp. 125-133, 2016, ISBN: 2211-9736.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Sea, impact, management, regulations, Sri Lanka, Sustainability, Whale watching
@article{,
title = {Whale watching in Sri Lanka: Perceptions of sustainability},
author = {Buultjens, Jeremy,Ratnayke, Iraj,Gnanapala, Athula},
issn = {2211-9736},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Tourism Management Perspectives},
volume = {18},
number = {62},
pages = {125-133},
abstract = {Whale watching creates an economic value for whales beyond consumption and therefore assists in the conservation of the species. However sustainable management is needed to avoid deleterious impacts on the whales and the industry. This paper uses a range of qualitative methods to examine the characteristics, management and perceived sustainability of the relatively newly established whale watching industry in Sri Lanka. It is clear that the laissez faire development of the industry has resulted in some poor conservation outcomes for the
whales as well as variable tourist experiences. The Sri Lankan government has introduced legislated regulations aimed at managing the industry however it must ensure adequate human and financial resources are provided to ensure the effective implementation of the regulations and therefore the sustainability of the industry.},
keywords = {Arabian Sea, impact, management, regulations, Sri Lanka, Sustainability, Whale watching},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Whale watching creates an economic value for whales beyond consumption and therefore assists in the conservation of the species. However sustainable management is needed to avoid deleterious impacts on the whales and the industry. This paper uses a range of qualitative methods to examine the characteristics, management and perceived sustainability of the relatively newly established whale watching industry in Sri Lanka. It is clear that the laissez faire development of the industry has resulted in some poor conservation outcomes for the
whales as well as variable tourist experiences. The Sri Lankan government has introduced legislated regulations aimed at managing the industry however it must ensure adequate human and financial resources are provided to ensure the effective implementation of the regulations and therefore the sustainability of the industry.
whales as well as variable tourist experiences. The Sri Lankan government has introduced legislated regulations aimed at managing the industry however it must ensure adequate human and financial resources are provided to ensure the effective implementation of the regulations and therefore the sustainability of the industry.
Ellison, K.
The wrong spin on dolphins Journal Article
In: Frontiers in Ecology, vol. 7, no. 366, pp. 452, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: disturbance, Dolphin assisted therapy, dolphin watching, Hawaii, regulations, Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris, Threats
@article{,
title = {The wrong spin on dolphins},
author = {Ellison, K.},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology},
volume = {7},
number = {366},
pages = {452},
abstract = {I was kayaking in a bay along Hawai’i’s Big Island when they surfaced: an undulating line of fins that suggested
why so many ancient explorers believed in sea monsters. The pod of spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) looked like
nothing so much as a dragon’s back, until one of the creatures leaped and twisted aloft, as if – it seemed to me, at least
– inviting admiration. My young son splashed into the water to swim with them, to my vicarious joy. Just seeing these wild creatures at such
close range was something we’d never forget. Only after returning to the pier did I notice the billboards posted by the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Half-hidden, these urged visitors to stay at least 50
yards away from the dolphins, and never to approach them. The rule is more than reasonable. The dolphins hunt in
deep water by night, using the shallow bay – where it’s easier to spot predators – to rest. Dolphins can
nap even while they’re swimming together. In other words, we were paddling through their bedroom.
Nor were we alone. Half a dozen other kayaks and a noisy tour boat were also following the dolphin pod
that afternoon. While not endangered per se, these cetaceans are certainly at risk of being run ragged by misguided human affection. Take this
to the extreme and you get Joan Ocean and the Sirius Institute, both based on the Big Island. Ocean’s website
describes her as a psychologist, shaman, and “authority on the subject of Dolphin Tel-Empathic Communication”. She
runs week-long excursions – for $1795 – in which participants progress from swimming with dolphins to “merging
with their group mind, their patterns of higher consciousness, and their telepathic visions and loving messages”.
(Incidentally, Ocean has recently branched out into reporting on her alleged encounters with “Sasquatch”.) Several years ago, Ocean was charged and fined under a
federal statute prohibiting harassment of marine mammals. Yet according to Jayne LeFors, NOAA’s point woman for
dolphin protection in Hawai’i, the fine amounted to less than the revenue generated by one seminar participant, and,
understandably, wasn’t much of a deterrent. The similarly fervent Sirius Institute champions the “dolphinization
of the planet”. Among other activities, it has developed a center for women to give birth underwater,
“assisted” by dolphins. The institute’s cofounder, Paradise Newland, says she gave birth to her own son while surrounded
by dolphins, and maintains that a dolphin healed the injured vertebrae in her neck with its sonar.
Reports of such “dolphin-assisted therapy” are increasing worldwide, despite strong indications that many of them
amount to dangerous wishful thinking. The internet is brimming with stories of dolphins supposedly mitigating symptoms of disorders,
including cerebral palsy, Down’s syndrome, and autism. But in 2007, writing in Anthrozoös, the journal of the
International Society for Anthrozoology, two Emory University researchers warned that the trend is a “lose–lose”
proposition for both people and dolphins. They concluded that no valid evidence exists for any long-term benefit from
the therapy, while people who spend thousands of dollars to interact with dolphins not only lose money but put themselves
and the dolphins at risk of injury and infection. According to LeFors, Hawai’i’s dolphin-loving commerce has intensified in recent years, for several reasons. The law
meant to shield the creatures is not only toothless, but vexingly vague. As LeFors explained, “harassment” – defined as pursuit,
torment, and annoyance – is difficult to prove. “You almost have to be in the mind of the dolphin to know if
it’s being tormented or annoyed”, she added wearily. Furthermore, the dolphins may in fact approach swimmers
or boats in a seemingly playful manner, which LeFors compares to a child staying up watching videos,
long after bedtime. “They don’t necessarily know what’s good for them”, she explained. Another problem is a lack of data pointing to harm from
these activities. A 2006 study in Conservation Biology documented significant declines of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops
truncatus) in Shark’s Bay, Australia, after several years of similar intrusions by tourists. LeFors suspects the Hawaiian
spinner dolphin population has also declined, a hunch that has led NOAA to commission research to explore this question.
Better data could help justify tighter restrictions. In 2004, Egypt set strict limits on swimming and boating in a
Red Sea bay frequented by spinner dolphins, after researchers demonstrated the toll from overenthusiastic
hordes of humans. As I learned to my embarrassment, it’s easy to misinterpret the charismatic dolphins. We see what we want to see, with
dolphins as with life. Where I’d anthropomorphically assumed their leaping in the air to be playful and friendly,
LeFors said it more likely meant they were annoyed at being disturbed. It’s a lot like that famous scene from The
Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, in which the dolphins – after trying to warn humans about the planet’s impending
destruction, only to be cheered for their supposed antics – abruptly depart with},
keywords = {disturbance, Dolphin assisted therapy, dolphin watching, Hawaii, regulations, Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris, Threats},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
I was kayaking in a bay along Hawai’i’s Big Island when they surfaced: an undulating line of fins that suggested
why so many ancient explorers believed in sea monsters. The pod of spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) looked like
nothing so much as a dragon’s back, until one of the creatures leaped and twisted aloft, as if – it seemed to me, at least
– inviting admiration. My young son splashed into the water to swim with them, to my vicarious joy. Just seeing these wild creatures at such
close range was something we’d never forget. Only after returning to the pier did I notice the billboards posted by the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Half-hidden, these urged visitors to stay at least 50
yards away from the dolphins, and never to approach them. The rule is more than reasonable. The dolphins hunt in
deep water by night, using the shallow bay – where it’s easier to spot predators – to rest. Dolphins can
nap even while they’re swimming together. In other words, we were paddling through their bedroom.
Nor were we alone. Half a dozen other kayaks and a noisy tour boat were also following the dolphin pod
that afternoon. While not endangered per se, these cetaceans are certainly at risk of being run ragged by misguided human affection. Take this
to the extreme and you get Joan Ocean and the Sirius Institute, both based on the Big Island. Ocean’s website
describes her as a psychologist, shaman, and “authority on the subject of Dolphin Tel-Empathic Communication”. She
runs week-long excursions – for $1795 – in which participants progress from swimming with dolphins to “merging
with their group mind, their patterns of higher consciousness, and their telepathic visions and loving messages”.
(Incidentally, Ocean has recently branched out into reporting on her alleged encounters with “Sasquatch”.) Several years ago, Ocean was charged and fined under a
federal statute prohibiting harassment of marine mammals. Yet according to Jayne LeFors, NOAA’s point woman for
dolphin protection in Hawai’i, the fine amounted to less than the revenue generated by one seminar participant, and,
understandably, wasn’t much of a deterrent. The similarly fervent Sirius Institute champions the “dolphinization
of the planet”. Among other activities, it has developed a center for women to give birth underwater,
“assisted” by dolphins. The institute’s cofounder, Paradise Newland, says she gave birth to her own son while surrounded
by dolphins, and maintains that a dolphin healed the injured vertebrae in her neck with its sonar.
Reports of such “dolphin-assisted therapy” are increasing worldwide, despite strong indications that many of them
amount to dangerous wishful thinking. The internet is brimming with stories of dolphins supposedly mitigating symptoms of disorders,
including cerebral palsy, Down’s syndrome, and autism. But in 2007, writing in Anthrozoös, the journal of the
International Society for Anthrozoology, two Emory University researchers warned that the trend is a “lose–lose”
proposition for both people and dolphins. They concluded that no valid evidence exists for any long-term benefit from
the therapy, while people who spend thousands of dollars to interact with dolphins not only lose money but put themselves
and the dolphins at risk of injury and infection. According to LeFors, Hawai’i’s dolphin-loving commerce has intensified in recent years, for several reasons. The law
meant to shield the creatures is not only toothless, but vexingly vague. As LeFors explained, “harassment” – defined as pursuit,
torment, and annoyance – is difficult to prove. “You almost have to be in the mind of the dolphin to know if
it’s being tormented or annoyed”, she added wearily. Furthermore, the dolphins may in fact approach swimmers
or boats in a seemingly playful manner, which LeFors compares to a child staying up watching videos,
long after bedtime. “They don’t necessarily know what’s good for them”, she explained. Another problem is a lack of data pointing to harm from
these activities. A 2006 study in Conservation Biology documented significant declines of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops
truncatus) in Shark’s Bay, Australia, after several years of similar intrusions by tourists. LeFors suspects the Hawaiian
spinner dolphin population has also declined, a hunch that has led NOAA to commission research to explore this question.
Better data could help justify tighter restrictions. In 2004, Egypt set strict limits on swimming and boating in a
Red Sea bay frequented by spinner dolphins, after researchers demonstrated the toll from overenthusiastic
hordes of humans. As I learned to my embarrassment, it’s easy to misinterpret the charismatic dolphins. We see what we want to see, with
dolphins as with life. Where I’d anthropomorphically assumed their leaping in the air to be playful and friendly,
LeFors said it more likely meant they were annoyed at being disturbed. It’s a lot like that famous scene from The
Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, in which the dolphins – after trying to warn humans about the planet’s impending
destruction, only to be cheered for their supposed antics – abruptly depart with
why so many ancient explorers believed in sea monsters. The pod of spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) looked like
nothing so much as a dragon’s back, until one of the creatures leaped and twisted aloft, as if – it seemed to me, at least
– inviting admiration. My young son splashed into the water to swim with them, to my vicarious joy. Just seeing these wild creatures at such
close range was something we’d never forget. Only after returning to the pier did I notice the billboards posted by the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Half-hidden, these urged visitors to stay at least 50
yards away from the dolphins, and never to approach them. The rule is more than reasonable. The dolphins hunt in
deep water by night, using the shallow bay – where it’s easier to spot predators – to rest. Dolphins can
nap even while they’re swimming together. In other words, we were paddling through their bedroom.
Nor were we alone. Half a dozen other kayaks and a noisy tour boat were also following the dolphin pod
that afternoon. While not endangered per se, these cetaceans are certainly at risk of being run ragged by misguided human affection. Take this
to the extreme and you get Joan Ocean and the Sirius Institute, both based on the Big Island. Ocean’s website
describes her as a psychologist, shaman, and “authority on the subject of Dolphin Tel-Empathic Communication”. She
runs week-long excursions – for $1795 – in which participants progress from swimming with dolphins to “merging
with their group mind, their patterns of higher consciousness, and their telepathic visions and loving messages”.
(Incidentally, Ocean has recently branched out into reporting on her alleged encounters with “Sasquatch”.) Several years ago, Ocean was charged and fined under a
federal statute prohibiting harassment of marine mammals. Yet according to Jayne LeFors, NOAA’s point woman for
dolphin protection in Hawai’i, the fine amounted to less than the revenue generated by one seminar participant, and,
understandably, wasn’t much of a deterrent. The similarly fervent Sirius Institute champions the “dolphinization
of the planet”. Among other activities, it has developed a center for women to give birth underwater,
“assisted” by dolphins. The institute’s cofounder, Paradise Newland, says she gave birth to her own son while surrounded
by dolphins, and maintains that a dolphin healed the injured vertebrae in her neck with its sonar.
Reports of such “dolphin-assisted therapy” are increasing worldwide, despite strong indications that many of them
amount to dangerous wishful thinking. The internet is brimming with stories of dolphins supposedly mitigating symptoms of disorders,
including cerebral palsy, Down’s syndrome, and autism. But in 2007, writing in Anthrozoös, the journal of the
International Society for Anthrozoology, two Emory University researchers warned that the trend is a “lose–lose”
proposition for both people and dolphins. They concluded that no valid evidence exists for any long-term benefit from
the therapy, while people who spend thousands of dollars to interact with dolphins not only lose money but put themselves
and the dolphins at risk of injury and infection. According to LeFors, Hawai’i’s dolphin-loving commerce has intensified in recent years, for several reasons. The law
meant to shield the creatures is not only toothless, but vexingly vague. As LeFors explained, “harassment” – defined as pursuit,
torment, and annoyance – is difficult to prove. “You almost have to be in the mind of the dolphin to know if
it’s being tormented or annoyed”, she added wearily. Furthermore, the dolphins may in fact approach swimmers
or boats in a seemingly playful manner, which LeFors compares to a child staying up watching videos,
long after bedtime. “They don’t necessarily know what’s good for them”, she explained. Another problem is a lack of data pointing to harm from
these activities. A 2006 study in Conservation Biology documented significant declines of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops
truncatus) in Shark’s Bay, Australia, after several years of similar intrusions by tourists. LeFors suspects the Hawaiian
spinner dolphin population has also declined, a hunch that has led NOAA to commission research to explore this question.
Better data could help justify tighter restrictions. In 2004, Egypt set strict limits on swimming and boating in a
Red Sea bay frequented by spinner dolphins, after researchers demonstrated the toll from overenthusiastic
hordes of humans. As I learned to my embarrassment, it’s easy to misinterpret the charismatic dolphins. We see what we want to see, with
dolphins as with life. Where I’d anthropomorphically assumed their leaping in the air to be playful and friendly,
LeFors said it more likely meant they were annoyed at being disturbed. It’s a lot like that famous scene from The
Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, in which the dolphins – after trying to warn humans about the planet’s impending
destruction, only to be cheered for their supposed antics – abruptly depart with
Siddeek,M.S.M.,Fouda,M.M.,Hermosa,G.V.Jr.
Demersal fisheries of the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf Journal Article
In: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 49, no. 474, pp. 87-97, 1999.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, enforcement, Fisheries, fishing gear, Gulf of Oman, management, marine, nets, Oman, pollution, productivity, regulations, trap, trawlers
@article{,
title = {Demersal fisheries of the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf},
author = {Siddeek,M.S.M.,Fouda,M.M.,Hermosa,G.V.Jr.},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science},
volume = {49},
number = {474},
pages = {87-97},
abstract = {The demersal fisheries of the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf are reviewed. The region comprises eight countries: Oman, United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran. Over 350 commercial fish species, eight shrimp species, two spiny lobster species, one shovel nose lobster species, one cuttlefish species, one crab species, and one abalone species support the demersal fisheries in the continental shelves of the three regions. Artisanal and industrial vessels with over 120 000 fishermen were involved in demersal fisheries. Fishing boats include fish and shrimp trawlers (wooden and steel hulled), large wooden boats (dhow) with inboard engines, small dhows with outboard engines, and fiberglass boats. Fishing gear consists of trawls, bottom gill nets, traps (wire mesh and plastic types), barrier traps, hand lines, and bare hands and knives (to dislodge abalone). Demersal fish (primarily Lethrinidae, Sparidae, Serranidae, Siganidae, Sciaenidae, Stromateidae, Lutjanidae, Trichiuridae, and Nemipteridae) and shrimp (primarily Penaeus semisulcatus, Metapenaeus affinis, Parapenaeopsis stylifera, and Penaeus merguiensis) were the two commercial demersal resources. Approximately 198 000-214 000 tonnes (t) of demersals were landed annually during 1988-1993, accounting for nearly 40% of the total marine landings (475000-552000 t). This percentage, however varied among countries: 25% in Oman, 32% in U.A.E., 71% in Qatar, 52% in Saudi Arabia, 56% in Bahrain, 55% in Kuwait, close to 100% in Iraq, and 41% in Iran. Fishing effort on certain stocks may have been below the optimum level (e.g. certain Omani demersal fish), near the optimum level (e.g. Omani shrimp), or above the optimum level ( e.g. Arabian Gulf shrimp and demersal fish). Overexploitation led to restriction of fishing effort by limiting fishing licenses, regulating fishing gear (mesh size) and capture size, closing fishing areas, restricting fishing season, and banning certain fisheries. However, fisheries management was hampered by lack of appropriate management regulations, enforcement and data on most stocks. Pollution and degradation of nursery areas were also affecting the productivity of fisheries resources. To achieve sustainable demersal fisheries, maintaining a healthy marine environment, reducing fishing effort, and strictly enforcing closed seasons and closed areas are needed. These measures are being implemented with varying degrees of success by all the countries.},
keywords = {Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, enforcement, Fisheries, fishing gear, Gulf of Oman, management, marine, nets, Oman, pollution, productivity, regulations, trap, trawlers},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The demersal fisheries of the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf are reviewed. The region comprises eight countries: Oman, United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran. Over 350 commercial fish species, eight shrimp species, two spiny lobster species, one shovel nose lobster species, one cuttlefish species, one crab species, and one abalone species support the demersal fisheries in the continental shelves of the three regions. Artisanal and industrial vessels with over 120 000 fishermen were involved in demersal fisheries. Fishing boats include fish and shrimp trawlers (wooden and steel hulled), large wooden boats (dhow) with inboard engines, small dhows with outboard engines, and fiberglass boats. Fishing gear consists of trawls, bottom gill nets, traps (wire mesh and plastic types), barrier traps, hand lines, and bare hands and knives (to dislodge abalone). Demersal fish (primarily Lethrinidae, Sparidae, Serranidae, Siganidae, Sciaenidae, Stromateidae, Lutjanidae, Trichiuridae, and Nemipteridae) and shrimp (primarily Penaeus semisulcatus, Metapenaeus affinis, Parapenaeopsis stylifera, and Penaeus merguiensis) were the two commercial demersal resources. Approximately 198 000-214 000 tonnes (t) of demersals were landed annually during 1988-1993, accounting for nearly 40% of the total marine landings (475000-552000 t). This percentage, however varied among countries: 25% in Oman, 32% in U.A.E., 71% in Qatar, 52% in Saudi Arabia, 56% in Bahrain, 55% in Kuwait, close to 100% in Iraq, and 41% in Iran. Fishing effort on certain stocks may have been below the optimum level (e.g. certain Omani demersal fish), near the optimum level (e.g. Omani shrimp), or above the optimum level ( e.g. Arabian Gulf shrimp and demersal fish). Overexploitation led to restriction of fishing effort by limiting fishing licenses, regulating fishing gear (mesh size) and capture size, closing fishing areas, restricting fishing season, and banning certain fisheries. However, fisheries management was hampered by lack of appropriate management regulations, enforcement and data on most stocks. Pollution and degradation of nursery areas were also affecting the productivity of fisheries resources. To achieve sustainable demersal fisheries, maintaining a healthy marine environment, reducing fishing effort, and strictly enforcing closed seasons and closed areas are needed. These measures are being implemented with varying degrees of success by all the countries.
Ministry of Agriculture; Fisheries
Ministerial Decree 4/94: Marine Fishing and Living-Aquatic-Resources Protection law
1994.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: fishing gear, mammals, marine, marine mammal, Marine mammals, regulations, turtles
@{,
title = {Ministerial Decree 4/94: Marine Fishing and Living-Aquatic-Resources Protection law},
author = {Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries},
year = {1994},
date = {1994-01-01},
volume = {4/94},
number = {371},
abstract = {Ministerial Decision 4/94, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, updates Royal Decree No. 53/81, the Marine Fishing and Living Aquatic Resources Protection Law. In addition to prohibiting the hunting of marine mammals (see above) this legislation contains articles pertaining to the licensing of fishermen, fishing vessels, restrictions on certain types of fishing gear and seasonal closures for certain species of fish. A few pertinent articles include:ù A prohibition on capturing any marine resources during their reproductive season (resulting in seasonal closers for lobster and abalone fisheries, and a justification for other seasonal closures on pelagic or demersal species pending research results);ù A prohibition on the use of string nets, monofilament gill nets or the setting of nets at high tide on beaches or lagoons to trap fish on outgoing tides;ù A prohibition on foreign fishing vessels in Omani waters operating without official permit from the MAF;ù A prohibition on the use of foreign/expatriate workers on fishing vessels licensed to conduct artisanal/traditional fishing;ù A prohibition for fishermen to 1) sail into areas allocated to other fishermen with the intent to fish; or 2) to place fishing gear in areas not specifically allocated to them by licence;ù The right of the MAF to require fishermen and dealers to collect and provide any data requested or required by the MAF;ù The right of the MAF to prohibit fishing of certain species, or fishing in certain regions or seasons.},
keywords = {fishing gear, mammals, marine, marine mammal, Marine mammals, regulations, turtles},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {}
}
Ministerial Decision 4/94, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, updates Royal Decree No. 53/81, the Marine Fishing and Living Aquatic Resources Protection Law. In addition to prohibiting the hunting of marine mammals (see above) this legislation contains articles pertaining to the licensing of fishermen, fishing vessels, restrictions on certain types of fishing gear and seasonal closures for certain species of fish. A few pertinent articles include:ù A prohibition on capturing any marine resources during their reproductive season (resulting in seasonal closers for lobster and abalone fisheries, and a justification for other seasonal closures on pelagic or demersal species pending research results);ù A prohibition on the use of string nets, monofilament gill nets or the setting of nets at high tide on beaches or lagoons to trap fish on outgoing tides;ù A prohibition on foreign fishing vessels in Omani waters operating without official permit from the MAF;ù A prohibition on the use of foreign/expatriate workers on fishing vessels licensed to conduct artisanal/traditional fishing;ù A prohibition for fishermen to 1) sail into areas allocated to other fishermen with the intent to fish; or 2) to place fishing gear in areas not specifically allocated to them by licence;ù The right of the MAF to require fishermen and dealers to collect and provide any data requested or required by the MAF;ù The right of the MAF to prohibit fishing of certain species, or fishing in certain regions or seasons.